Ch. 6 Biology – Flashcards
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| atom |
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| building block of matter; contains subatomic particles- neutrons, protons, and electrons |
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| nucleus |
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| center of an atom, contains neutrons and protons |
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| proton |
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| positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus |
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| neutron |
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| particle without a charge in an atom’s nucleus |
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| electron |
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| negatively charged particle that occupies space around an atom’s nucleus |
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| element |
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| pure substance composed of only one type of atom; cannot be broken down into another substance by physical or chemical means |
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| isotope |
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| two or more atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons |
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| compound |
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| pure substance with unique properties; formed when two or more different elements combine |
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| covalent bond |
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| type of chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons |
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| molecule |
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| compounds who’s atoms are held together by covalent bonds |
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| ion |
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| atom that is negatively or positively charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons |
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| ionic bond |
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| electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms |
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| van der Waals forces |
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| attractive forces between molecules |
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| chemical reaction |
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| energy-requiring process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are changed into different substances |
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| reactant |
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| substance that exits before a chemical reaction starts; located on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation |
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| product |
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| substance formed by a chemical reaction; located on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation |
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| activation energy |
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| minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction |
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| catalyst |
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| substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy |
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| enzyme |
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| protein that speeds up a biological reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction |
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| substrate |
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| reactant to which an enzyme binds |
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| active site |
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| specific place where a substrate binds on an enzyme |
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| polar molecules |
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| molecule with oppositely charged regions |
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| hydrogen |
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| atomic number 1, mist abundant in the universe |
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| mixture |
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| combination of two or more different substances in which each substance keeps its individual characteristics; can have a uniform composition (homogeneous) or have a distinct areas of substances (heterogeneous) |
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| solution |
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| homogeneous mixture formed when a substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent) |
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| solvent |
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| substance in which another substance is dissolved |
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| solute |
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| substance dissolved in a solvent |
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| acid |
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| substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, an acidic solution has a pH less than 7 |
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| base |
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| substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water; a basic solution has a pH greater than 7 |
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| pH |
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| measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution |
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| buffer |
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| mixture that can react with an acid or a base to maintain the pH within a specific range |
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| macromolecule |
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| large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together |
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| polymer |
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| large molecule formed from smaller repeating units of identical or nearly identical, compounds linked by covalent bonds |
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| carbohydrate |
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| organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom |
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| lipid |
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| hydrophobic biological molecule composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen, fats, oils, and waxes |
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| protein |
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| organic compound made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; primarily building block of organisms |
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| amino acid |
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| carbon compound joined by peptide bonds; building block of protein |
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| nucleic acid |
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| complex macromolecule that stores and communicates genetic information |
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| nucleotide |
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| a subunit of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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| macromolecule |
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| large molecules formed by joining many sub-units together |
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| true |
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| is a polymer the same thing as a macromolecule |
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| monomer |
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| a building block of a polymer |
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| condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis |
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| the chemical reaction that joins monomers together to form polymers, they lose a water molecule between the monomers and then bind together |
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| covalent bonds |
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| What type of bond forms polymers? |
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| hydrolysis |
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| the opposite of condensation synthesis, breaks polymers into monomers by adding water |
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| four |
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| How many bonds does Carbon always need? |
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| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| name the four types of macrmolecules |
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| fuel in cells, building materials of cells, and receptors of cells |
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| What are carbohydrate used for? |
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| CH2O |
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| What is the general formula for carbohydrates? |
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| C,H,O |
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| What elements are carbohydrates made of? |
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| H:O 2:1 |
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| What is the ratio of hydrogen's to Oxygen's generally in Carbohydrates? |
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| ose |
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| What ending is common for many carbohydrates? |
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| monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
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| Name the 3 types of Carbohydrates |
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| monosaccahrides |
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| a monomer of a carboydrate |
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| true |
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| Is a monosaccahride a single sugar? |
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| sugar |
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| What does saccharide mean? |
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| 3 to 7 |
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| how many carbons can a monosaccharide have? |
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| 1:2:1 C:H:O |
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| What is the general ratio of a monosaccharide? |
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linear and ring form ring form ; |
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| Name the to forms a monosaccharide can be and which one is more stable? |
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| glucose, fructose, galactose |
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| What are the 3 most common monosaccharides (monomers of carbohydrates)? |
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| the main source of energy for cells |
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| What is glucose? |
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| found in fruits and is the sweetest monosaccharide |
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| What is fructose? |
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| found in milk |
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| Where is galactose found? |
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| isomer |
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| compounds with the same chemical formula but different strucutural forms |
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| dissaccharides |
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| a sugar formed by joing two monosaccharides |
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| True |
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| Is a disaccharide a polymer of carbohydrates? |
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| glycosidic bond |
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| what type of bond is used to bind 2 monosaccharides to form a disaccahride? |
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| disaccharide |
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| What is a double sugar? |
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| sucrose, maltose |
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| name two examples of a disaccharides |
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| TRUE |
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| Is a disaccharide a polymer of a carbohydrate? |
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| Water, H2O |
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| When condensation reactions occur, what does the polymer lose? |
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| Polysaccharide |
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| many joined sugars, a polymer of carbohydrates |
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| energy storage and sturctures of cells |
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| What are polysaccharides used for? |
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| What are some examples of polysaccharides? |
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| starch |
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| What do plants store energy as? |
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| glycogen |
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| What do animals store energy as? |
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| down |
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| what way do alpha bonds point? |
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| up |
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| What way do beta bonds point? |
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| only alpha |
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| what type of bonds does starge have? beta or alpha or both? |
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| both |
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| What type of bonds does cellulose have? beta, alpha, or both? |
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| no |
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| Can humans digest beta bonds? |
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| covalent bonds |
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| What type of bond binds monomers together to create polymers of carbohydrates? |
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| hydrogen bonds |
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| What type of bond binds strands of polymers to another strand of polymers to create fiber which is part of plant cell walls? |
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| lipids |
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| a large nonpolar, hydrophobic molecule that cannot dissolve in water |
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| C,H,O with a ratio of H:O 2:1 |
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| What elements are Carbohydrates made out of? |
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| C,H,O with no ratio |
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| What elements are lipids made of? |
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| C,H,O,N |
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| What elements are proteins made out of? |
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| C,H,O,N,P |
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| What elements are nucleic acids made out of? |
