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Your immediate awareness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the world around you. Also refers to your immediate awareness of mental activity, internal sensations, and external stimuli.

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Consciousness

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American psychologist who described consciousness as a "stream" or "river"

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William James

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Capcity to selectively focus senses and awareness on particular stimuli or aspects of the environment

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Attention

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Limited, selective nature of attention with this strategy

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Misdirection

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Occurs when we simply don't notice some significant object or event that is in our field of vision

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Inattentional Blindness

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Occurs when we simply don't notice some significant sound

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Inattentional Deafness

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Not noticing when something changes, such as when a friend gets a haircut or shaves his beard, very common

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Change Blindness

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Paying attention to two or more sources of stimuli at once--such as doing homework while watching television, or talking on the phone while cooking dinner

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Multi-tasking

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When attention is divided among different tasks, each task receives less attention than it would normally

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Division of Attention

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A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes

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Circadian Rhythm

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A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms, the internal pacemaker that governs the timing of circadian rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

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Hormone manufactured by the pineal gland, an endocrine gland located in the brain, that produces sleepiness

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Melatonin

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An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity. Invented by German psychiatrist Hans Berger in 1920s

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Electroencephalograph

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The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph; with this, sleep researchers firmly established that brain-wave activity systematically changes throughout sleep

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep because it is associated with heightened body and brain activity during which dreaming consistently occurs -Brain becomes more active, generating smaller and faster brain waves -Visual and motor neurons in the brain activate repeatedly, just as they do during wakefulness -Dreams occur during REM sleep -Voluntary muscle activity suppressed, which prevents dreaming sleeper from acting out her dreams -Accompanied by considerable physiological arousal -Sleeper's eyes dart back and forth behind closed eyelids--rapid eye movements -Heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations can fluctuate -Muscle twitches -Sexual arousal -First REM episode tends to be brief, about 5 to 15 minutes -Beginning of stage 1 NREM--> first episode of REM sleep=90 minutes

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REM Sleep

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Non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) are quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep because body's physiological functions and brain activity slow down during this period of slumber

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NREM Sleep

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Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness; small, fast

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Beta Brain Waves

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Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness; slightly larger and slower

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Alpha Brain Waves

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Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep; occasionally occur during transition to light sleep

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Hypnagogic Hallucinations

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An involuntary muscle spasm of the whole body that jolts the person completely awake; also known as sleep starts

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Myoclonic Jerk

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Even slower than alpha brain waves

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Theta Brain Waves

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-Lasts only a few minutes -Transitional stage during which you gradually disengage from the sensations of the surrounding world -Can quickly regain conscious alertness if needed -Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur, but less vivid mental imagery is common

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Stage 1 NREM

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-Represents onset of true sleep -Defined by appearance of sleep spindles and K complexes -Brain activity continues to slow down considerably -Breathing becomes rhythmical -Slight muscle twitches -Theta waves are predominant, but delta brain waves also begin to emerge -During the 15 to 20 minutes initially spent in stage 2, delta brain-wave activity gradually increases

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Stage 2 NREM

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Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep

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Sleep Spindles

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Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep

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K Complex

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-Often referred to as slow-wave sleep (SWS) -Both defined by amount of delta brain-wave activity -When delta brain waves represent more than 20% of total brain activity, sleep is said to be in stage 3 NREM -Delta brain waves exceed 50% of total brain activity, sleeper is said to be in stage 4 NREM -First 20-40 minutes in first episode of stage 4 NREM, delta waves come to represent 100% brain activity, where heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to lowest levels -Sleeper is almost oblivious to the world -Noises as loud as 90 decibels may fail to wake him -Muscles are still capable of movement (sleep walking usually occurs during stage 4 NREM) -Can take 15+ minutes to regain full waking consciousness form stage 4 -Can carry out a simple task during stage 4 and never even leave it, won't remember it the next day -Now, the sleeper is probably 70 minutes into a typical night's sleep and immersed in deeply relaxed stage 4 NREM sleep -At this point, sequence reverses. In a matter of minutes, sleeper cycles back from stage 4 to stage 3 to stage 2, and enters a dramatic new phase: first episode of REM sleep -Sleeptalking occurs in stage 3&4 NREM

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Stage 3&4 NREM

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A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night -REM sleep, so you don't act out dreams

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Sleep Paralysis

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The amount of time spent in REM sleep increases by as much as 50%after being deprived of REM sleep

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REM Rebound

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Vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep; also called sleep mentation

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Sleep Thinking

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An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events

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Dream

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Memories of personally experienced events that NREM slow-wave contributes to

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Episodic Memories

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Involves learning a new skill or task until it can be performed automatically, which REM sleep and NREM stage 2 sleep help to consolidate

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Procedural Memories

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A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep

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Nightmare

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Founder of psychoanalysis, interpreted dreams, believed that because psychological defenses are reduced during sleeping, frustrated sexual and aggressive wishes are expressed symbolically in dreams

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Sigmund Freud

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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer

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Manifest Content

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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream

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Latent Content

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What Freud believed represented the penis e.g., sticks, swords, brooms, and other elongated objects. Dream images of cupboards, boxes, and overs supposedly symbolized the vagina

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Phallic Symbols

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Dreams in which you become aware that you are dreaming while you are still asleep, possible to control dream

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Lucid Dreams

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Proposed a new model of dreaming called the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, believes that dreams are the by-products of physiological processes in the brain

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J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley

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Model maintains that dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep; theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis)

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Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming

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Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control; continuity between waking and dreaming cognition

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Neurocognitive Model of Dreaming

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Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with the daytime functioning and cause subjective distress

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Sleep Disorder

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Sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep Ex: Insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy

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Dyssomnias

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Sleep disorders involving involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions; sometimes sleep and waking states overlap or "bleed" into one another

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Parasomnias

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Condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep

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Insomnia

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A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

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Can be used to treat moderate to severe cases of sleep apnea; device that increases air pressure in the throat so that the airway remains open

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Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

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A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day, also known as sleep attacks or microsleeps, typically last from a few seconds to several minutes

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Narcolepsy

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A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion

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Cataplexy

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Recent scientific discovery of a special class of neurotransmitters, also called orexins, and are produced exclusively by the neurons in the hypothalamus

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Hypocretins

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A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep; also called night terrors

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Sleep Terrors

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A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep; also called sexsomnia

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Sleepsex

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A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep; also called somnambulism

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Sleepwalking

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A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively

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Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (SRED)

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A sleep disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep, resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)

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A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior

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Hypnosis

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A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session

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Post-Hypnotic Suggestion

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The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion

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Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

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The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion

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Hypermnesia

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Psychologist who believed that the hypnotized person experiences dissociation

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Ernest R. Hilgard

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The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity

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Dissociation

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Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis

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Neodissociation Theory of Hypnosis

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Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis

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Hidden Observer

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Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness

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Meditation

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Focusing awareness on a visual image or an object; the sensation of breathing; or a sound, word, or phrase, or mantra

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Focused Attention Techniques

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A religious phrase repeated mentally during meditation

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Mantra

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Monitoring the content of experience from moment to moment.

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Open Monitoring Techniques

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A focused attention technique that involved mentally repeating a mantra given to the practitioner by a teacher

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Transcendental Meditation (TM)

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Processes sensations of pain, touch, and pressure

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Primary Somatosensory Cortex

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A condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug

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Addiction

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A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms

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Physical Dependence

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A condition in which increasing amounts of physically a addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect

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Drug Tolerance

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Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent

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Withdrawal Symptoms

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Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action

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Drug Rebound Effect

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Formally called substance abuse disorder; Recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms

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Drug Abuse

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A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity; in general, produce drowsiness, sedation, sleep, relieve anxiety, and lower inhibitions

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Depressants

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Five or more drinks in a row for men, or four or more drinks in a row for women

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Binge Drinking

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Severity of withdrawal symptoms depends on level of physical dependence. Low level of dependence=disrupted sleep, anxiety, and mild tremors. Higher levels of dependence=confusion, hallucinations, and severe tremors or seizures

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Delirium Tremens (DTs)

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Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness

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Inhalants

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A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness

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Barbiturates

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Depressants that relieve anxiety

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Tranquilizers

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A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties; also called opioids or narcotics; feeling of euphoria

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Opiates

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A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness; vary in legal status, the strength of their effects, and the manner in which they are taken

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Stimulants

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A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications; most widely used psychoactive drug in the world

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Caffeine

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A stimulant drug found in tobacco products

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Nicotine

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A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite; sometimes called "speed" or "uppers"

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Amphetamines

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A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree

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Cocaine

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Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use, including auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarrely paranoid ideas; also called amphetamine-induced psychosis or cocaine-induced psychosis

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Stimulant-Induced Psychosis

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A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking; psychedelic means "mind manifesting"

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Psychedelic Drug

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A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus

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Mescaline

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A synthetic psychedelic drug; far more potent than mescaline or psilocybin

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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

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A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant; one of the most widely used illegal drugs

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Marijuana

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Marijuana's active ingredient

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

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Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects; initials stand for the long chemical name of the quintessential club drug better known as ecstasy

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MDMA or Ecstasy

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Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine

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Dissociative Anesthetics

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Insomnia treatment involving specific guidelines to create a strict association between the bedroom and rapid sleep onset

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Stimulus Control Therapy

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An external or environmental cue that entrains, or synchronizes, an organism's biological rhythms to the Earth's 24-hour light/dark cycle and 12 month cycle; zeit=time, geber=giver; an example would be temperature

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Zeitgeber

Ch. 4: Consciousness and Its Variations – Flashcards

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