Ch 4, 5 Astro – Flashcards
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The speed and direction of travel, velocity is a vector quantity, can change speed or direction, has 2 parts: size and direction
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Velocity
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Tells us how fast is the velocity of the object is changing
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Acceleration
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Speeding up or slowing down, changing direction of travel
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Acceleration is felt when...
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An object will move at a constant velocity if there is no net force acting upon it, if an object is moving it will stay moving, if an object is at rest it will stay at rest
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Newton's first law
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Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong and weak force
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All things in the universe are given some structure by four forces:
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Gravitational force
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Astronomical motion is governed by...
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How far an object will move in a certain amount of time
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Speed
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Speed at a given instance
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Instantaneous speed
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When u drop a ball and it falls down(increases) ; when u throw a ball up(decreases)
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Acceleration of gravity
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The amount of matter the object is made of
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Mass
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How much of a force would gravity apply on this amount of matter
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Weight
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You can have acceleration not equal to zero but velocity equal to zero, you can have accentuation equal to zero but not equal to zero, you can accelerate without changing your speed
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True/False
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The accelerator
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What produces acceleration in a car?
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External force acting on earth
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suns gravitational force
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Earth will fly off into the space in the same direction it was heading when the sun loss it's gravity
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If the sun lost its gravitational force...
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Earth will fall into the sun
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If the earth lost its orbital speed...
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Bigger rate of change in speed or bigger change in speed
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If mass is kept the same...
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Smaller rate of change in velocity, bigger rate of change in velocity
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If the force is kept the same...
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The net force applied to an object equals its mass times acceleration, Acceleration= force divide by mass or Force = mass x acceleration
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Newton's second law
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Hot gas shoots out from the rocket and, by conservation of momentum, the shuttle movies in the opposite direction
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How does the space shuttle take off?
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Newton's third law
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Changing the orbit of a spacecraft by firing thrusters is an example of
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For any force, there is always an equal and opposite reaction force
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Newton's third law
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Mass x velocity, conserved quantity
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Momentum=
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A force
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Changing an objects momentum you need...
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Weightless
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Astronomers in space can be...
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An object doesn't change & and velocity doesn't change
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Newton's second law, F=ma means that with no force...
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Kepler's law is true, we have many spinning disk in space, we keep rotating in the same speed
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Conservation Angular momentum shows...
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Energy due to motion, the object has to be moving
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Kinetic energy
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Energy due to relative positioning, GPE=m x g x h
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Gravitational potential energy(GPE)
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Momentum of a system can be redistributed among the parts of the system but the total momentum will always stay the same in the absence of an external force, total energy cannot be changed
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The law of conservation of momentum
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Conserved in the absence of external torque, Angular momentum= m x v x r
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Angular momentum
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The stored energy of matter which can be used do some work
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Potential energy
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Is the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a substance
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Temperature
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Collective kinetic energy of all individual particles in a substance
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Thermal energy
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Total energy of the planet at any point in the orbit
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Orbital energy
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Orbits in which an object goes around another repeatedly
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Bound orbits
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Paths that bring an object close to another just once, can be either parabolas or hyperbolas
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Unbound orbits
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Laws of motion, laws of conservation, universal law of gravitation
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Newton showed that Kepler's laws are consequences of
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D decreases by 2 times its value, the force decreases by four times
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Inverse square law
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Energy that light carries
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Radiative energy
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When light falls on a body it gets hot because it absorbs the light
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Absorption
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Some matter let the light pass through
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Transmission
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Some matter bounces the light off
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Scattering
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When the bouncing is all in the same general direction we call it reflection
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Reflection
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Behaves like a particle and a wave, also called electromagnetic wave
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Light
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Can stay still, moved to higher locations, thrown in different direction or bounce off certain surfaces
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Particles
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We physically move one end of the rope and create a disturbance
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Rope
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The waves look shorter
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Fast movement
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The waves look longer
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Slow movement
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Wave length, frequency, and speed
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Waves are characterized by...
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Distance from peak to peak
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Wave length
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Number of peaks passing by any point in each second
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Frequency
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How fast the peaks travel a given distance
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Speed
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Vibrations of both electric and magnetic fields caused by the motion of a charged particle
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Light waves
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Do not need a medium to travel, travel as speed of light (3,000,000,000 m/s)
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Electromagnetic waves
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Radio waves, microwaves, ultra violent, x-rays, infared
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Non visible
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Have lower frequencies
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Longer wavelengths
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High frequency, can carry higher energy
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Short wavelength
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Packets<--- that lights carry energy in bundles, have a certain wavelength and frequency
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Photons
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Neutral, equal numbers of electrons and protons
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Atoms are...
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Number of protons in the nucleus
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Atomic number
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The number of protons and number of neutrons together
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Atomic mass number
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Mass energy, KE, Electrical potential energy
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Atoms contain energy in 3 different ways
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Possible energies
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Energy levels of an atom
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The minimum amount of energy that an electron can have when it is part of a particular type of an atom
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Ground state
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Energy levels
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Excited states
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Electrons can jump into a higher level of to a lower energy level
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Level transitions
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When the number of electrons in the atom becomes less than the number of protons leaving the atom with more positive chargers
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Ions
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Continuous spectra, emission line, and absorption
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3 different basic types of spectra
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A hot dense glowing object(solid or a dense gas, emits a continuous spectrum, a common light bulb emits this lights
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Continuous spectra
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A hot low density gas emits light of only certain wave length, the wavelength emitted depend on its composition and temperature
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Emission line spectrum
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Light having a continuous spectrum passes through a cool gas, dark lines appear in the spectrum
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Absorption spectrum
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Dark lines
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Absorption lines
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The waves look shorter
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Fast movement
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The waves look longer
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Slow movement
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Wave length, frequency, and speed
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Waves are characterized by...
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Distance from peak to peak
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Wave length
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Number of peaks passing by any point in each second
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Frequency
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How fast the peaks travel a given distance
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Speed
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Vibrations of both electric and magnetic fields caused by the motion of a charged particle
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Light waves
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Do not need a medium to travel, travel as speed of light (3,000,000,000 m/s)
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Electromagnetic waves
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Radio waves, microwaves, ultra violent, x-rays, infared
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Non visible
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Have lower frequencies
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Longer wavelengths
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High frequency, can carry higher energy
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Short wavelength
