Ch. 2 Sociology – Flashcards
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An operational definition is
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an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
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A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
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hypothesis.
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The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of
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hypothesis.
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A researcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. This would be an example of
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a correlation.
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A variable is
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a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
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Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples
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variables.
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The variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is referred to by social scientists as a(n)
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independent variable
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Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership is the
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independent variable.
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Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
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independent variable.
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In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?
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random sample
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If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a
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random sample.
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A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
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reliable.
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Validity refers to
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the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study
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Ethnography is the most common form of ________ research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data.
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qualitative
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When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called
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participant observation.
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the
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control group.
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What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation?
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the Hawthorne effect
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"Value neutrality" in social science research was initially called for by
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Max Weber.
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The midpoint or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values is referred to as the
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median.
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The single most common value in a series of scores is referred to as the
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mode.
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The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the
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mean.
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What is a popular form of summary many sociologists utilize to quickly and clearly show a relationship between two variables?
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cross-tabulation
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