Ch 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood – Flashcards
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senescence
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biological aging - the genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species.
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influences
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A persons genetic makeup, lifestyle, environment and historical period in which they live ______ senescence.
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multidirectional
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The physical changes of the adult years are multidimentional and __________.
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life expectancy
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During the 20th century, nutrition, medical advances, sanitation and safety have added 25-30 years to the average _______.
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programmed
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One of the two explanations of biological aging at the level of DNA and body cells that emphasizes the _________ event of specific genes. Genes and their aging are controlled by genetic programming.
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cumulative
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One of the two explanations of biological aging at the level of DNA and body cells that emphasizes the __________ effects of random events, meaning that the DNA is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations.
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telomeres
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These are repeated, duplicate DNA sequences found at the tips of chromosomes that become shorter over time. As these structures shorten over time, this is linked to the physical aging process. When someone is chronically stressed, these structures can become shorter or more damaged at a faster rate.
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free radicals
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Naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen molecules break down within the cell, the reaction strips away an electron creating a free radical. It destroys nearby cellular material, including DNA protein.
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postformal
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________ thought is the cognitive development stage beyond Piaget's formal operational stage
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forestall
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Research suggest that foods low in saturated fat and rich in vitamins can ________ free radical damage.
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telomerase
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An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.
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hypertension
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_____________ occurs 12% more often in the US black population than in the US white population.
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black
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The rate of death from heart disease among ______ americans is 30% higher
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atherosclerosis
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Condition in which heavy deposits called plaque containing cholesterol and fats build up on the inner walls of the main arteries.
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T cells
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originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. The attack antigens directly.
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B cells
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_______ are manufactured in the bone marrow, secrete antibodies into the bloodstream that multiply, capture antigens, and permit the blood system to destroy them.
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BMR
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basal metabolic rate, the amount of energy expended by a living organism at rest in a neutral temperature environment
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rape
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Ingredients of effective _______ intervention include teaching social skills and social awareness.
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aiming
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Which of the following motor skills will most likely peak latest in life? Speed of limb movement, explosive strength, gross-motor coordination, or aiming?
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damien
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Which of the following individuals is the most likely to be a smoker? Chad, a high school graduate Damien, a high school dropout Ofelia, a college graduate Trista, a college student
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somatic
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Telomere shortening acts as a brake against _______ mutations.
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more
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Americans today have (more or less?) sexual partners over their lifetimes than they did a generation ago.
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maximum
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Biological aging begins once body structures reach ___________ capacity and efficiency.
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socioeconomic
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Improving ________ conditions is essential for closing ethnic gaps in health.
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varies
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Senescence ______ widely across parts of the body.
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exceed
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Death rates for all causes in the United States ______ those of other industrialized nations.
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mature
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According to William Perry, the most ________ thinkers progress to commitment within relativistic thinking.
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epistemic
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William Perry's definition of ______________ cognition refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas
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cross-linkage
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Over time, protein fibers that make up the body's connective tissue form bonds, or links, with one another. when these normally separate fibers cross-link, tissue becomes less elastic, leading to many negative outcomes, including loss of flexibility in the skin and other organs, clouding of the lens of the eye, clogging of arteries, and damage to the kidneys. This is known as the ________ theory of aging.
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dualistic
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William Perry's definition of ______ thinking is seeing things in black and white, right or wrong, good or bad, and making decisions for or against topics.
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dualistic
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You and your cousin are discussing ethical behavior. He believes that stealing from another is wrong and there is no reason for a person to steal. Even if a person were starving and near death, a person should not steal food. Which of the following best describes your cousin's cognitive pattern? _________ thinking
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relativistic
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William Perry's definition of __________ thinking is viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. These thinkers are aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, giving up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context
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relativistic
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In college, Edward came to the realization that his own beliefs were often subjective. He noted that his roommate, who held vastly different beliefs from his own, had his own truth. Edward was engaged in __________ thinking.
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commitment
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Perry's definition of ____________ within relativistic thinking, the most mature individuals progress to this, is that instead of choosing between opposing views, they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contraindications.
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cognitive-affective
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Labouvie-Vief found that from adolescence through middle adulthood, people gained in ___________ complexity - the awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual experiences.
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pragmatic
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Adulthood involves movement from hypothetical to ______ thought, a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems
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expertise
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For young adults, _________, acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor - is supported by the specialization that begins with selecting a college major or an occupation.
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information processing
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Once attained, expertise has a profound impact on __________
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fantasy
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The period in early and middle childhood, in which children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them. Their preferences, guided largely by familiarity and excitment, bear little relation to the decisions they will eventually make
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tentative
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In the ________ period between ages 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in more complex ways, at first in terms of their interests and soon- as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations- in terms of their abilities and values
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tentative
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"I like science and the process of discovery," Sharese thought as she neared high school graduation. "but I'm also good with people and I'd like to do something to help others. So maybe teaching or medicine would suit my needs." Sharese is in which period of vocational development? fantasy period tentative period realistic period
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realistic
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By the late teens and early twenties, with the economic and practical realities of adulthood just around the corner, young people start to narrow their options. A first step is often further exploration - gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics. In the final phase, crystallization, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation. This period is known as the _________ period.
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investigative
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This type of personality enjoys working with ideas, likely to select a scientific occupation
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enterprising
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This type of personality is adventurous, persuasive, and a strong leader, is drawn to sales and supervisory positions or to politics
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social
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This type of personality likes interacting with people, gravitate toward human services (counseling, social work, teaching)
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realistic
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This type of personality prefers real-world problems and working with objects, tends to choose a mechanical occupation (construction, plumbing or surveying)
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artistic
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This type of personality is emotional and high in need for individual expression, looks toward an artistic field (writing, music, visual art)
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conventional
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This type of personality likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions and social status, has traits well-suited to certain business fields (accounting, banking or quality control)
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postformal thought
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When Garrett attended graduate school, he discovered that the more he knew about the world, the more contradictory it seemed. Everyday dilemmas did not have clear-cut solutions. Garrett's reflections fit the observations of researchers who have studied __________—cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational stage.
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dietary fat
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Many researchers believe that __________ plays a role in the age-related rise in breast cancer and is linked to colon cancer.
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unprepared
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American employers regard recent high school graduates as ________ for skilled business and industrial occupations and manual trades.
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25
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By age _____ nearly all U.S. young people have had sexual intercourse.
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involved
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Free radicals are thought to be ________ in more than 60 disorders of aging.
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essential
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Moderate fat consumption is __________ for normal body functioning.
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stronger
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Compared with higher-SES adults; low-SES adults show a ________ cardiovascular response to stress.
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sixties
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Tina is a master runner. If she practices consistently throughout her life, she can expect her performance speed to drop only slightly from her mid-thirties into her ________ , when it will fall off at an accelerating pace.
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no
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Approximately one-third of U.S. young people with a high school diploma have ______ current plans to go to college.
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decreases
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Age-related changes in reproductive capacity include decreases in semen volume and sperm motility after age 35.
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immune
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Declines in __________ system functioning contribute to many conditions of aging, including increased susceptibility to infectious disease and cancer.
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reach
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Biological aging begins once body structures _______ maximum capacity and efficiency.
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competitive submissive
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When men are taught from an early age to be __________ and women to be __________, the themes of rape are reinforced.
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deposits
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One of the most serious diseases of the cardiovascular system is atherosclerosis, in which heavy ________ of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collect on the walls of the main arteries.
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radicals
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Free _______ are thought to be involved in more than 60 disorders of aging.
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hypertension
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Ethan's blood pressure is higher than normal. This means that Ethan suffers from_______
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Telomerase
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__________ prevents telomere shortening.
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reduced
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Cross-linking can be ______ by regular exercise and a healthy diet.
