Ch. 12 – Flashcard Answers
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Stereotype
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A fixed, conventional idea about a group.
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Gender
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The psychological state of being male or female.
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Gender Role
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A cluster of behaviors that characterizes traditional female or male behaviors within a cultural setting.
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Gender-typing
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The process by which people acquire a sense of being female or male and acquire the traits considered typical of females or males within a cultural setting.
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Psychodynamic Theory of Gender-typing
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Freud believed that gender-typing occurred through identification. He thought that boys identified with their father and girls with their mother. However research indicates that gender-typing occurs much more earlier than expected according to Freud. Freud believed that boys resolved from possessing their mothers and girls resolved their wish to have a penis.
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Learning Theory of Gender-typing
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The two key theories of this category are behaviorism and social cognitive.
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Behaviorism Theory of Gender-typing
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This theory states that children learn gender roles through selective reinforcement of behavior patterns deemed appropriate for boys and girls with a given culture.
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Social Cognitive Theory of Gender-typing
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This theory asserts that boys and girls learn what is considered masculine or feminine through observational learning.
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Gender-schema theory
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The view that gender identity plus knowledge of the distribution of behavior patterns into feminine and masculine roles motivate and guide the gender-typing of the child. This theory was proposed by Sandra Bem.
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Evolutionary theory of Gender-tying
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Gender differences were fashioned according to natural selection.
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Activating Effect
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The arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.
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Estrus
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The periodic sexual excitement of many mammals, as governed by levels of sex hormones.
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Pheromone
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A chemical secretion detected by other members of the same species that stimulates stereotypical behavior.
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Organizing Effect
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The directional effect of sec hormones-for example, along stereotypically masculine or feminine lines.
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Sexual Orientation
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The directionality of one's sexual and romantic interests;that is, whether one is sexually attracted to, and desires to form a romantic relationship with, members of the other sex or of one's own sex.
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Attraction
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In social psychology, an attitude of liking or disliking (negative attraction).
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Matching Hypothesis
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The view that people tend to choose persons similar to themselves in attractiveness and attitudes in the formation of interpersonal relationships.
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Reciprocity
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In interpersonal attraction, the tendency to return feelings and attitudes that are expressed about us.
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Triangular Model of Love
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Sternberg's view that love involves combinations of three components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment.
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Intimacy
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Close acquaintance and familiarity; a characteristic of a relationship in which partners share their inmost feelings.
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Passion
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Strong romantic and sexual feelings.
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Consummate Love
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The ideal form of love within Sternberg's love, which combines passion, intimacy, and commitment.
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Romantic Love
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An intense, positive emotion that involves sexual attraction, feelings of caring, and the belief that one is in love. Characterized by passion and intimacy.
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Affective Shift Hypothesis
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The view that men and women tend to experience different shifts in the emotions following initiation of sexual activity, such that women feel more love and commitment, and many men experience less love and commitment.
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Liking
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Intimacy alone.
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Companiote Love
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Intimacy+Commitment.
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Infactuation
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Passion alone.
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Fatuous Love
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Passion+Commitment.
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Empty Love
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Commitment only.
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Sexual Response Cycle
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Masters and Johnson's model of sexual response, which consists of four stages or phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
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Vasocongestion
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Engorgement of blood vessels with blood, which swells the genitals and breasts during sexual arousal.
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Myotonia
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Muscle tension.
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Excitement Phase
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The first phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by muscle tension, increases in the heart rate, and erection in the male and vaginal lubrication in the female.
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Plateau Phase
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The second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm.
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Orgasm
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The height or climax of sexual excitement, involving involuntary muscle contractions, release of sexual tensions, and, usually, subjective feelings of pleasure.
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Resolution Phase
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The fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to its prearoused state.
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Refractory Period
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In the sexual response cycle, a period of time following orgasm during which an individual is not responsive to sexual stimulation.
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Sexual Dysfunctions
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A persistent or recurrent problem in becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm.
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Hypoactive Sexual Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which people lack sexual desire.
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Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which females fail to become adequately sexually aroused to engage in sexual intercourse.
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Male Erectile Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which males fail to obtain erections that are adequate for sexual intercourse.
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Orgasmic Disorder
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A sexual dysfunction in which people have persistent or recurrent problems reaching orgasm.
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Premature Ejaculation
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Ejaculation that occurs before the couple are satisfied with the length of sexual relations.
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Dyspareunia
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A sexual dysfunction characterized by persistent or recurrent pain during sexual intercourse. (From roots meaning "badly paired".)
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Vaginismus
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A sexual dysfunction characterized by involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the vagina, preventing entry by the penis or making entry painful.
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Performance Anxiety
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Anxiety concerning one's ability to perform, especially when performance may be evaluated by other people.
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Sex Therapy
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A collective term for short-term cognitive-behavioral models for treatment of sexual dysfunctions.
