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The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism.

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis

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The pre-australopithecines lived between ___ mya.

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7-4

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The australopithecines lived between ___ mya.

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4-1

question

These three things do not define a hominin: (They evolved long after the first hominins appeared.)

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Speech/advanced cognition/complex material culture

question

Hominins have two obligate behaviors:

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bipedal locomotion/nonhoning chewing

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This is the foundational behavior of the Hominini.

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Bipedalism

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Bipedalism preceded most attributes associated with humans and with human behavior by ____ of years.

answer

millions

question

The 7 distinguishing characteristics in the skeleton that are associated with bipedalism:

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foramen magnum/s shaped spine/short ilium/long legs/inward knees/longitudinal foot arch/non opposable hallux

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The position of this reflects the fact that the hominin carries its head atop its body.

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Foramen magnum

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This part of hominin anatomy generally reflects changes that coincide with the shift from quadrupedalism to bipedalism.

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shortened ilium and pelvis

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The reason that the gluteal muscles were reconfigured.

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stabilize the hip

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Bipeds have distinctively ___ ___ which provide the ability to stride and to do so with minimal energy.

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Long legs

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This helps to place the feet below the body's center of gravity.

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inward knees

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This reflects the use of this digit in helping propel the body forward.

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non opposable hallux

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This acts as a kind of shock absorber, allowing the foot to sustain the demanding forces of body weight.

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longitudinal arch

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Hominin canines wear on the ___ instead of the ___.

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tips/backs

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Humans ___ food more than apes do.

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crush

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Apes use their molars more for ___, reflecting their plant-heavy diet.

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slicing

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Hominins have evolved ___ enamel, while apes have evolved ___ enamel, reflecting their different diets.

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thick/thin

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When did humans and chimps split?

answer

9 mya

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The human side of the evolutionary tree, after humans and chimps split.

answer

Hominins

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The 5 distinguishing characteristics that reflect nonhoning chewing:

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blunt nonprojecting canine/small canine/no diastema/wear on canines and third premolars/cusps on lower third premolar equal size

question

A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism.

answer

Orrorin Tugenensis

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An early pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of a preihoning complex, a primitive trait intermediate between apes and modern humans.

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Ardipithecus Kadabba

question

A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex.

answer

Ardipithecus ramidus

question

The oldest species of australopithecine from East Africa and a likely ancestor to Au. afarensis.

answer

Australopithecus anamensis

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An early australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee's and is thought to be a direct human ancestor.

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Australopithecus afarensis

question

An australopithecine from East Africa that had a unique flat face and was contemporaneous with Au. afarensis.

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Australopithecus platyops

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Synonym for Australopithecus.

answer

Kenyanthropus

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A late australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage.

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Australopithecus garhi

question

The stone tool culture associated with H. Habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools.

answer

Oldowan complex

question

The oldest part of the first stone tools were created and used, beginning with the Oldowan Complex.

answer

Lower Paleolithic

question

An early robust australopithecine from East Africa, with the hallmark physical traits of large teeth, large face, and massive muscle attachments on the cranium.

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Australopithecus aethiopicus

question

A later robust autralopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. robustus and Au. africanus and had the robust cranial traits, including large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments.

answer

Australopithecus boisei

question

A gracile australopithecine from South Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. aethiopicus, Au. garhi, and Au. boisei and was likely ancestral to Au. robustus.

answer

Australopithecus africanus

question

A robust australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. afarensis, was contemporaneous with Au. boisei, and had the robust cranial traits of large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments.

answer

Australopithecus robustus

question

The earliest Homo species, a possible descendant of Au. garhi and an ancestor to H. erectus;

answer

Homo habilis

question

The earliest known tools date to about ___ mya.

answer

2.6

question

The earliest evidence of brain expansion dates to sometime after ___ mya.

answer

2

question

Hunting likely didn't begin until after ___ mya.

answer

2

question

The idea that bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was becoming fragmented, a process that began toward the end of the Miocene.

answer

Patchy Forest Hypothesis

question

The idea that bipedalism arose so that fathers could provide food and protection to mothers.

answer

Provisioning hypothesis

question

Hominins evolved out of ____.

answer

Hominoids

question

These represent the first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans.

answer

pre-australopithecines

question

The earliest pre-autralopithecuine.

answer

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

question

Humans originated in Africa during the early ___ and late ___.

answer

Miocene/pliocene

question

The brain of Sahelanthropus tchadensis was ____.

answer

Primitive

question

This is one of the fossils that have transformed our understanding of the earliest period of human evolution.

answer

Ardipithecus ramidus

question

This discovery provides compelling evidence that the first hominins did not evolve in the open grasslands.

answer

Ardipithecus ramidus

question

This species was adapted to life in the trees and to life on the ground.

answer

Ardipithecus ramidus

question

Key features: Skull and teeth found. Tiny brain. Skull like apes' with massive browridge. Lived in forest setting.

answer

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

question

Key features: Skull, teeth, postcranial bones found. Small brain. Perihoning. Thin enamel. Curved foot phalanges. Capable of bipedalism. Less than 1 m tall. Lived in wooded setting.

answer

Ardipithecus Kadabba

question

Key features: Postcranial bones found. Likely bipedalism. Hand phalanx curved like apes'. Less than 1 m tall. Lived in forest setting.

answer

Orrorin tugenensis

question

Key features: Skull, teeth, postcranial bones found. Small brain. No perihoning. Thin enamel. Curved foot phalanges. Capable of bipedalism. 120 cm tall. Lived in wooded setting.

answer

Ardipithecus Ramidus

question

The only hominin with thin enamel.

answer

Ardipithecus ramidus

question

Compared with other mammals, ____ didn't vary greatly.

answer

Australopithecines

question

As a group, ___ had a small brain, small canines, large premolars, and large molars.

answer

Australopithecines

question

The oldest australopithecine species.

answer

Anamensis

question

One of the most significant fossils: 40% complete skeleton of an adult female Au. afarensis, found in East Africa.

answer

Lucy

question

This was an efficient, habitual biped that spent most of its time on the ground.

answer

Au. afarensis

question

They lived in various habitats, including forests, woodlands, and open country.

answer

Au. afarensis

question

One of the most important characteristics of the Laetoli footprints is the ___ ___ ___.

answer

nondivergent big toe

question

Australopithecines were highly diverse, including in their ___.

answer

locomotion

question

The genus Australopithecus evolved into two branches, one of which became the genus ___.

answer

Homo

question

A late australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage.

answer

Australopithecus garhi

question

Its teethe were larger than the earlier australopithecines'. Like Au. afarensis, beneath the nose the face had a primitive projection and a small brain.

answer

Au. garhi

question

The first hominin with a more humanlike ratio of arm length to leg length.

answer

Au. garhi

question

This primates features and its age, 2.5 mya, suggest that it was ancestral to Homo.

answer

Au. garhi

question

The stone tool culture associated with H. habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools.

answer

Oldowan complex

question

The oldest part of the period during which the first stone tools were created and used. beginning with the Oldowan Complex.

answer

Lower Paleolithic

question

The first hominin culture and the earliest culture of the Lower Paleolithic.

answer

Oldowan complex

question

Much of the record of early stone tool use is early ____.

answer

Pleistocene

question

Early hominins most likely ate:

answer

insects/meat

question

A late species of australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. africanus, was a contemporary of Au. robustus, and expresses anatomical features found in Australopithecus and in Homo.

answer

Australopithecus sediba

question

This showed the first substantial increase in brain size and was the first species definitively associated with the production and use of stone tools.

answer

Homo habilis

question

Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to:

answer

bipedalism

question

Evidence indicating that Orrorin Tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?

answer

femur

question

In an argument with your parents, they claim that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is that the latter had a bigger brain. You argue that there are other differences, such as that....

answer

In addition to a larger brain, early Homo species have smaller faces and smaller teeth

question

Ardi was adapted to life in the trees and:

answer

on the ground

question

Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that:

answer

included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis

question

____ arose around 3.5 mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominins-- later australopithecines and the genus Homo.

answer

Au. afarensis

question

Owen Lovejoy's provisioning hypothesis proposes that:

answer

monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism

question

The foundational behavior of hominins was:

answer

bipedalism

question

Au. garhi has be proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because it:

answer

had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines

question

The _______ hypothesis about hominin bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs arose so that hominins could search for food that was dispersed s a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene.

answer

patchy forest

question

The Oldowan tool complex is attributed to __________, making that hominin species the first to use tools.

answer

Au. garhi

question

Humans use their molars for:

answer

crushing

question

Robust australopithecine species include:

answer

Au. aethiopicus

question

The oldest australopithecine species is:

answer

Au. anamensis

question

Au. robustus's large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation to:

answer

eating foods requiring heavy chewing

question

Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture:

answer

do not define a hominin

question

Fossils attributed to Au. garhi were found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:

answer

animal bones with cutmarks

question

Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in E Africa:

answer

one was a climber and the other a biped

question

Robust Au.'s differ from earlier Au.'s in their:

answer

larger faces/smaller front teeth/larger back teeth

question

Humans differ from apes because

answer

they use spoken language

question

The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Au. afarensis was humanlike in having a:

answer

nondivergent big toe/double arch/ *one more, look up in book

question

The best-known australopithecine, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar, is:

answer

Au. afarensis

question

A preaustralopithecine most likely has the following characteristics:

answer

modified honing dentition/primitive apeline traits/small brain size

question

They proposed the Patchy Forest Hypothesis.

answer

Rodman/McHenry

question

In this classification system, Chimps and Humans are similar to siblings, instead of cousins.

answer

Cladistic/phylogenetic

question

S. tchadensis live around ____, and was discovered in ____.

answer

7 mya/chad

question

Apes have a higher level of ___ ___, which is reflected in their larger canines.

answer

male-male aggression

question

Anatomies: small brain, non honing chewing. massive browridge, bipedal.

answer

S. tchadensis

question

This was the first thing to develop in Hominins.

answer

Bipedalism

question

Non honing chewing developed around ____.

answer

5.5 mya

question

In this classification system, Chimps are more like Gorillas and Orangs than like Humans.

answer

Traditional/gradistic

question

Material culture (tool making) developed about ____.

answer

3.5 mya

question

Hunting developed around ___.

answer

1 mya

question

Darwin's theory for why bipedalism evolved was based on ____, although it has been proved incorrect.

answer

Hunting

question

Upright walking developed about ____.

answer

7 mya

question

The last of the pre-astralopithcines is ____.

answer

Ardipithecus

question

slide 24

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a

question

a

answer

a

question

a

answer

a

question

a

answer

a

question

a

answer

a

question

a

answer

a

question

Anatomies: bipedal based on femur, tree climber based on hands, partially honing canines.

answer

Orrorin

question

The three pre-australopithecines:

answer

sahelanthropus/orrorin/ardipithecus

question

They lived around 6 mya in the forest, and were found in the Tugen Hills, Kenya.

answer

Orrorin

Ch 10 Early Hominin Origins and Evolution – Flashcards

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