Cellular Respiration and Fermentation – Flashcards
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Fermentation
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Partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen
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Aerobic Respiration
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Catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
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Cellular Respiration
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Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes
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Cellular Respiration
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Includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes
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Redox Reactions
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A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction
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Oxidation
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The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
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Reduction
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The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction
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NAD+
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.
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Electron Transport Chain
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A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
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Glycolysis
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A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration
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The Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
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A chemical cycle involving eight steps taht completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration.
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
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The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. Occurs in glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
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Acetyl CoA
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Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
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ATP Synthase
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A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.
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Chemiosmosis
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An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
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Protonmotive Force
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The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.
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Alcohol Fermentation
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Glycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.
