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3rd phase; the chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and move in opposite directions

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Anaphase

question

An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two.

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Cell Cycle

question

Process of cytoplasmic division in plant cells; after nuclear division, a cross-wall with plasma membrane on both surfaces forms and divides the cytoplasm.

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Cell plate formation

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Centrosome, Mitotic spindle Basal bodies

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Centriole

question

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

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Centromere

question

Bodies within the nucleus made in DNA and proteins called the histones

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Chromosome

question

-sum of all chromosomes in cells of a given type. Humans have 46 chromosomes. Body cells are diploid (2n) Sex cells are haploid.

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Chromosome number

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The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. (Animal cytokenesis)

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Cleavage furrow

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After nuclear division, a splitting of the parent cell cytoplasm that completes the formation of daughter cells, cytokenesis

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Cytoplasmic Division

question

When the nucleus contains both pairs of all chromosomes. (2N)

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Diploid (chromosome number)

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A special type of diploid cell that will divide by mitosis to produce replacements but also divide by meiosis to produce gametes. Reproductive cells

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Germ cell

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the most famous and widely used cancer cells; they grow aggressively and heavily favor cell reproduction over cell death; cervical cells in Henrietta Lacks

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HeLa cell

question

Globular protein that assist in DNA packaging in eukaryotes. Histones form octamers around which DNA is wound to form a nucleosome.

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Histone

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Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

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Interphase

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A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.

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Kinetochore

question

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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Meiosis

question

Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles

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Metaphase

question

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.

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Mitosis

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A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell.

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Motor protein

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A structure composed of two coils of DNA wrapped around an octet of histone proteins. The nucleosome is the primary form of packaging of eukaryotic DNA.

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Nucleosome

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Centrioles move to opposite ends and DNA coils into chromosomes

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Prophase

question

Formation of new cells or a new individual

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Reproduction

question

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

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Sister chromatid

question

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

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Somatic cell

question

Dynamic, temporary array of microtubules that moves chromosomes in precise directions during mitosis or meiosis.

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Spindle apparatus

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After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

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Telophase

question

A type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself

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Apoptosis

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Critical for introducing gap stages into cell cycle and slowing it down; take over and regulate accumulation of cyclins in cell as maternal replication factors are depleted

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Cell cycle regulators

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Outside villi

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Cell division location

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Crypt -> lumen

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Cell differentiation location

question

Top of villi

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Apoptosis location

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Hair loss

answer

One harmless result of too little cell divsion

question

Warts

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One harmless result of too much cell division

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g1, s, g2, m

answer

Cell cycle phases

question

Check to see if previous phase went ok

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Purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle

question

Cancer

answer

Potential outcome when error occurs in checkpoint of cell cycle process

question

Stimulating protein

answer

Type of protein that regulates the cell cycle that is encoded by proto-oncogenes

question

Inhibitory protein

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Type of protein that regulates the cell cycle that is encoded by tumor suppressor genes

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CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases)

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Most important cell cycle regulator

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An enzyme that transfers phosphate ions from one molecule to another

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Kinase

question

-Right after cytokinesis -Cell increases in size and preps for DNA replication -Checkpoints are for no DNA damage and sufficient resources

answer

G1 Phase Events

question

-Cell keeps growing -Preps for division Checkpoints are for no DNA damage, enough cell components, and that the chromosome set is complete

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G2 Phase events

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-Cell replicates its DNA -2 complete sets of chromosomes Checkpoints are for no errors during DNA replication

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S Phase events

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-Cell stops growing -Divides into two identical daughter cells -Checkpoint is for all chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle

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M (mitosis) Events and checkpoints

question

G1, S, and G2 phases

answer

Parts of interphase

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Increase the speed of cell division = putting the foot on the accelerator

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What do mutated proto-oncogenes cause?

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-Brakes (normal) TS gene, inhibiting cell growth -One mutation, cell cycle is okay -Two mutations, cell cycle proceeds too quickly

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What do mutated tumor suppressor genes cause? (And difference between one mutated tumor suppressor gene vs. two)

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Drug blocks BRAF protein, thereby stopping cell replication

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How does BRAF protein melanoma treatment work?

question

Mapping genomes of cancer over different tumor types, completing map of common mutations of every major cancer type, and then guiding medicine based on patient's genome

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Current cancer discoveries

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Tumors are sequenced, mutations are identified and drugs that block specific proteins are prescribed

answer

Mutation based medicine

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An uncontrolled growth of cells, a genetic disease, a family of similar diseases. Health cells turn into the enemy due to dividing too quickly or abnormally, growing in all directions. Cells stop listening to the body, which is telling them to stop

answer

Cancer definition

question

Mutations in DNA can turn normal cells cancerous, these can be inherited or spontaneous

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Cancer as a genetic disease

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Cells which protect the body from air and internal fluids

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Carcinomas

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From cells in supportive tissue

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Sarcomas

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From cells in blood and immune system

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Leukemias and Lymphomas

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Chemicals, viruses, or radiation from the Sun. All of these lead to mutations of DNA in your cells. People can also be predisposed to getting cancer by inheriting mutations from parents

answer

Common Causes of Cancer

question

Anything that leads to mutations of DNA in one's cells

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Mutagens

question

Responsible for most cancers of larynx, oral cavities, pharnyx, esophagus, bladder, and lungs

answer

Cigarette smoking

question

may be related to cancers if regularly consumed

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Alcohol

question

Some DNA is deleted, this is then copied without all necessary parts to RNA, and a mutant/abnormal protein is produced

answer

How is a mutant protein made?

question

The abnormal proteins don't work properly at cell checkpoints, allow replication to proceed out of control.

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How could a mutant protein make cells divide out of control?

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-Tumor-Suppressor Genes -Oncogenes

answer

Which two categories of genes can lead to cancer?

question

Normally inhibit cell growth, but mutations in them may inactivate them, and then they stop stopping cell-growth Ex. p53

answer

Tumor-suppressor genes

question

They normally promote careful cell growth, but a mutation can over activate them, leading to non-stop cell growth Ex. RAS

answer

Oncogenes

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In a tumor suppressor genes, turning genes off causes cancer. In oncogenes, turning genes on leads to cancer

answer

Mutation of TS and Oncogenes to cause cancer

question

A non-malignant tumor lacking the ability to invade surrounding normal tissue

answer

Benign

question

A tumor that tends to grow, has the capacity to invade nearby tissue and spreads through the blood stream

answer

Malignant

question

1) forms a tumor 2) Recruits a blood supply (angiogenesis) 3) Spreads to other parts of body (metastasis)

answer

How cancer cells become dangerous

question

Advanced stages of cancer, cancer cells are spreading to other parts of the body

answer

Metastasis

question

Tumors recruiting a blood supply (solid tumors only)

answer

Angiogenesis

question

cancer cells enter blood vessels, blood vessels travel to distant sites, cells invade new tissues and begin to grow

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Spread of cancer

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Drugs (chemo), radiation, surgery

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3 types of treatment

question

Secondary tumors, the cancer has spread. Treatment is chemotherapy (drugs)

answer

Metastatic and treatment for this

question

one place, treatment is surgery and/or radiation

answer

Local and treatment for this

question

Killing a fly with a cannon ball, it's hard to target just cancer cells, so lots of other cells also get affected

answer

Selectivity

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Hair loss from hair follicle cells, bone barrow cells lead to weak immune system, gut lining cells lead to diarrhea, skin leads to flaky/scaly skin

answer

Side effects from selectivity of chemo

question

Discover new drugs that attack most important mutations, or use the immune system to fight cancer, or use "failed" drugs to target genes that could be blocking cancers

answer

Cancer drug goals

question

-To reproduce an entire organism, increasing population -To repair dead or damaged cells -Allow multicellular organisms to grow and get bigger -Diffusion takes too long if cells get too big, cells need to remain small

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Why do cells divide?

question

Distribution of identical genetic material- DNA- to two daughter cells. A dividing cell duplicates its dNA, allocates two copies to opposite ends of cell, then splits into two daughter cells

answer

Cell division requirements

question

A cells DNA, usually several DNA molecules in genome of eukaryotes (46 for humans), in prokaryotes genome is usually one long DNA molecule

answer

Genome

question

Each eukaryotic species has characteristic number of chromosomes in nucleus. Somatic cells have 46 in humans, gametes have 23

answer

Chromosomes

question

Body cells, have 46 chromosomes in people

answer

Somatic cells

question

Sperm or egg cells, have half the number of a somatic cell, 23 chromosomes in people

answer

Gametes

question

Two sister chromatids in each duplicated chromosome, they contain identical copies of each others DNa. When they condense, the area between the two is called the centromere. they are eventually pulled apart and repackaged into two new nuclei at opposite ends of parent cell

answer

Sister chromatids

question

Area between two chromatids as they condense

answer

Centromere

question

Formation of two daughter nuclei, and followed by division of the cytoplasm, called cytokinesis

answer

Mitosis

question

Division of the cytoplasm

answer

Cytokinsesis

question

taking one cell and producing two cells that are genetic equivalent of the parent

answer

Mitosis and Cytokinesis joint goal

question

-23 chromosomes from each parent, one set in egg, one set in sperm -Trillions of cycles of mitosis and cytokinesis to produce fully developed human -Continue every day to replace and rebuild dead/damaged cells -Producing clones, cells with the same genetic information

answer

Human mitosis cycle

question

-Grow the cell -Repair dead or damaged cells

answer

What are 2 reasons why cells must divide?

question

No, they can enter G0 phase

answer

Do all cells continually divide?

question

Chromosomes within the nucleus

answer

Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?

question

It is packaged into chromosomes. While in the nucleus, it is in the form of loose-chromatin, and once the nuclear envelope dissolves, it gathers into two sister chromatids, which will later be pulled apart and repackaged

answer

How is DNA organized within eukaryotic cells? Explain the various levels of organization

question

Includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Alternates with the much longer interphase

answer

Mitotic phase

question

90% of the cell cycle. three subsets: g1, S, and G2

answer

Interphase

question

-Nucleoli disappear -Chromosomes are tightly coiled, with sister chromatids joined together -Mitotic spindle begins to form, appears to push chromosomes away from each other toward poles of the cell

answer

Prophase

question

-Nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules from the spindle interact with the chromosomes -Microtubules from one pole attach to one of two kinetochores, special regions of centromere, while microtubules from other pole attach to other kinetochore

answer

Prometaphase

question

Spindle fibers push the sister chromatids until they are all arranged at metaphase plate, imaginary plane equidistant between the poles that defines metaphase

answer

Metaphase

question

Centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids. Each one is now pulled towards pole to which it is attached by spindle fibers. Each pole has equivalent collections of chromosomes by the end

answer

Anaphase

question

Cells continue to elongate as the free spindle fibers from each centrosome push off each other -Two nuclei begin to form, surrounded by fragments of old nuclear envelope -Chromatin becomes less tightly coiled -Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, begins

answer

Telophase

question

first sign of cytokinesis, when cleavage furrow in cell surface begins to appear

answer

Cleavage

question

Metaphase

answer

In what stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

question

Interphase, because this involves lots of time to grow

answer

In what stage of the cell cycle do cells spend the most time? Why?

question

If a sister chromatid did not separate during anaphase, one cell would have an extra chromosome and the other would have one less chromosome. This would result in problems if the cell was able to continue to grow and divide. However, the cells structure would remain intact.

answer

What would happen if a sister chromatid did not separate during anaphase? What structure(s) remains intact? What would be the result on the cells produced?

question

It becomes more likely that there is a division in which the sister chromatid do not separate during anaphase, causing a mutation or other error, which will lead to defects in the cell.

answer

What do you think happens when cells divide too quickly and out of control?

question

Checkpoint chemical, if everything is good then this is released and moves cell to next stage

answer

CDK-Cyclins phosphorylate proteins

question

When they are bound to cyclins (proteins)

answer

When are CDKs present inside the cell during the cell cycle?

question

Cycles up and down depending on phase

answer

When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle?

question

Stimulate the cell cycle, leading to cell division

answer

What do activated CDK-Cyclin complexes do?

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