Cancer Risk Factors, Symptoms and Treatment – Ch 10 – Flashcards
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A epigenetic change can ______ a tumor suppressor gene or activate an ________.
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inactivate oncogene
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Epigenetic change can be _________.
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reversed
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What is the single most preventable cause of cancer?
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smoking
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What is tobacco use most commonly associated with regarding cancer?
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squamous and small cell carcinomas
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Xenobiotics (charred meat)
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variety of compounds that include toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals
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Colorectal cancer is associated with diets ____ in _____ and ________.
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high protein fat
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High glycemic index carbs are __________.
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processed foods
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What are some ways that obesity can increase chance of cancer?
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-chronic low level inflammation -fat tissue (increase release of estrogen) -increase insulin factors -fat cells produce adipokines (inhibit/stimulate cell growth)
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Substantial alcohol consumption have been associated with what types of cancers?
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head/neck
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Ionizing radiation is a ______ and a ________.
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mutagen carcinogen
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Ionizing radiation affects many cell processes including, ______, disruption of mitochondrial function, cell cycle arrest and cell death.
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gene expression
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What are genetic effects found in innocent cells that have not directly been exposed to ionizing radiation?
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bystander effects
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What factor is released from exposure to sunlight?
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TNF (tumor necrosis factor) -reduces immune systems ability to recognize skin cancer
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What types of cancers can exposure to UV light cause?
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-basal cell carcinoma -squamous cell carcinoma -melanoma
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What can UV light produce that will cause cell death/damage?
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ROS -also promote skin inflammation and release of free radicals
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What is the risk of cancer from non-ionizing radiation?
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still unknown...not enough research
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99.7% of women with cervical cancer are found to have what type of virus?
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HPV (100 subtypes)
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50-60% of cervical cancer cases are caused by?
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HPV 16
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How can increase in physical activity reduce cancer risk?
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-decrease insulin and insulin-like growth factors -decrease obesity -decrease inflammatory mediators and free radicals -increases gut motility
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Increased gut motility helps prevent which type of cancer?
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colon cancer
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What can asbestos exposure cause?
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-mesothelioma -lung cancer
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Where do majority of cancers happen that are results of chemical/occupational hazards?
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-upper respiratory -lung -bladder -peritoneum
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Indoor pollution is considered to be more harmful because of exposure to what two substances?
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cigarette smoke and radon
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What are some mechanisms that can cause pain in cancer patients?
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-pressure -obstruction -invasion of sensitive structures -stretching of visceral surfaces (liver cancer...stretches liver) -tissue destruction -inflammation
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What is the most commonly reported manifestation of cancer?
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fatigue
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What is cachexia?
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-most severe form of malnutrition -leads to inefficiency of energy use -present in 80% of cancer patients at death
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What can cause leukopenia/thrombocytopenia in cancer patients?
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-direct tumor invasion -chemo is toxic to bone marrow
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What are some factors that predispose patients with cancer to infection?
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-age -nutritional status -type of cancer -surgery -decrease in neutrophil/lymphocyte counts
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How does chemo and radiation negatively effect the GI tract?
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decreases cell growth and turnover
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Chemo/Radiation cause decreases in cell growth and turnover which causes....
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-alopecia (loss of hair) -dry skin -skin breakdown
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What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
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symptoms triggered by cancer but not caused by the cancer tumor itself
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What is chemotherapy?
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use of nonselective cytotoxic drug that target vital cellular machinery/metabolic pathways critical to both malignant and normal cell growth/replication
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What is cytotoxic?
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any agent or process that kills cells
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What is the goal of chemotherapy?
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eliminate enough tumor cells so the body's defense can eradicate any remaining cells
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Single-agent chemotherapy
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1 drug - usually shrinks tumor but does not cure
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Combination chemotherapy
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-2 or more drugs -majority of treatments given
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What is important when prescribing chemotherapy?
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-principle of dose intensity -schedule of treatments so not to develop drug resistance
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Induction Chemotherapy
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-initial treatment to decrease or eliminate tumor -doesn't cure -total wipeout of immune system
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Adjuvant Chemotherapy
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-given after surgery -used to kill off remaining cells
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Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
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-given before localized (surgical/radiation) treatment of a cancer -to decrease size of tumor so localized treatment can be more effective
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What are the goals of ionizing radiation?
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-eradicate cancer without excessive toxicity -avoid damage to normal structures
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What does ionizing radiation do to cancer cells?
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damages the DNA
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Brachytherapy
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-insertion of radioactive sources directly into the tumor or cavity where the cancer is -useful in cervical, prostate, and head/neck cancers
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Purpose of surgery with cancer
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-prevent cancer -biopsy -lymph node sampling -debulking surgery -pallative surgery (end of life care)
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Immunotherapy (bio therapy)
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-stimulates own immune system to work harder or smarter against cancer cells -give man-made immune system proteins
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Leukemia
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-malignant disorder of the blood and blood forming organs -decreases production of all normal blood cells
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ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia)
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-least common -most common in children (good prognosis)
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AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia)
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-most common in adults (fair prognosis)
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CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia)
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-most common type in adults
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CML (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia)
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-adults -better results with bone marrow transplant -associated with Philadelphia Chromosome
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Acute leukemia can often be caused because of?
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recent chemo b/c of other cancers
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Leukemia s/s
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-anemia -swollen/enlarged lymph nodes -frequent infection -weight loss -tachycardia -fatigue -fever
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Esophageal Cancer: causes
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-esophageal reflux -chronic exposure to smoking/alcohol -obesity -inadequate nutrition
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Esophageal Cancer s/s
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-chest pain -dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) -heart burn -usually asymptomatic until advanced
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Liver Cancer: risk factors
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-alcohol abuse -obesity -cirrhosis -Chronic Hep B/C
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Liver Cancer - s/s
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-vague abdominal symptoms -hemorrhage -pain when tumor grows
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Pancreatic Cancer
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arises from exocrine or endocrine cells and is common in the exocrine cells within pancreatic ducts
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Pancreatic Cancer: risk factors
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-more common in men and blacks -older age -smoking -high fat diets -obesity -family history
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Pancreatic Cancer: s/s
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-jaundice -vague upper abd pain w/ radiation up the back -fat/protein malabsorption -weightloss -metastasis to cervical lymph nodes/lungs/brain
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Renal Tumors (most common)
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-Renal cell carcinoma
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Bladder Tumors (most common)
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-transitional cell carcinoma
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Renal Cell Cancers - called?
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adenocarcinomas
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Renal Cancer s/s
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-hematuria -dull/aching pain
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Bladder Tumors: risk factors
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-men over 60 -5th most common malignancy -smoking -secondary cancer
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Bladder Tumors s/s
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-gross painless hematuria -daytime voiding -nocturia -urgency to urinate
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Thyroid Cancer
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-most common endocrine malignanc
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Thyroid Cancer - common casual factor?
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ionizing radiation in childhood
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Thyroid Cancer - s/s
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-voice changes -changes in swallowing and difficulty breathing
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Stomach Cancer: risk factors
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-more common in men -family history of adenocarcinoma -type A blood and PA -loss of tumor suppressor genes -infection with H-Pylori -heavy salted/preserved foods
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Stomach Cancers s/s
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-loss of appetite -weight loss -vomiting -changes in bowel habits
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Colon/Rectal Cancer
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-3rd most common for women/men -over 50 yrs of age
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Colon/Rectal Cancer risk factors
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-colon polyps -diverticulitis -high fat/refined foods diet -diets low in fiber -type 2 diabetic -obesity
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Colon/Rectal Cancer s/s
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-pain -anemia -fatigue -dark red mahogany colored blood in stool -stools are narrowed -constipation
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Lung Cancers
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-most common cause of cancer death -commonly caused by smoking
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Lung Cancers risk factors
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-smoking -2nd hand smoke -occupational exposures
