Cancer-FINAL – Flashcards
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Raf is a ________ protein kinase that resides at the head of the _______. A: tyrosine, MAP kinase cascade B: serine/threonine, MAP kinase cascade C: tyrosine, glucagon cascade D: serine/threonine. glucagon cascade E: serine/threonine, apoptosis cascade
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B: serine/threonine, MAP kinase cascade
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If Raf is mutated so that it is "on" constitutively, what is the effect on the cell? A: The cells stop dividing. B: The cells differentiate. C: The cells dedifferentiate. D: The cells lose growth control. E: The cells increase in volume permanently.
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D: The cells lose growth control.
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Which of the following is true of healthy G1 cells? 1) The p53 protein is found at very high levels. 2) The probability of apoptosis in these cells is very high. 3) The p53 protein is found at very low levels. A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 1 and 3 E: 2 and 3
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C: 3
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Retinoblastoma is inherited as a ____________. A: dominant genetic trait B: recessive genetic trait C: sex-linked recessive treat D: sex-linked dominant trait E: codominant trait
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A: dominant genetic trait
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____________ is a rare childhood cancer of the eye's retina. A: Retinal carcinoma B: Eye cancer C: Retinal sarcoma D: Retinoblastoma E: Retinal epithelioma
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D: Retinoblastoma
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Oncogenes are __________. 1) really eukaryotic cellular genes that were incorporated into the viral genome during a previous infection 2) genes that originated in bacterial genomes 3) genes that originated in viral genomes 4) genes that originated in bacterial genomes, moved to viral genomes and were eventually transferred to eukaryotes A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 E: 2 and 3
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A: 1
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What enzyme is responsible for maintaining the length of the DNA sequences on the ends of chromosomes (telomeres)? A: tendrilase B: telomerase C: telomere synthase D: telomere disruptase E: telomere kinase
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B: telomerase
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Which cells generally lack the ability to divide? 1) stem cells 2) progenitor cells 3) differentiated end products of a tissue 4) anatomical cells A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 E: 2 and 3
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C: 3
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Which cells below possess unlimited proliferation potential, have the capacity to produce more of themselves and can give rise to all of the cells of the tissue? 1) stem cells 2) progenitor cells 3) differentiated end products of a tissue 4) anatomical cells A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 E: 1 and 3
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A: 1
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Another word for malignant transformation is ________. A: oncorariness B: ontogenesis C: cancerogenesis D: tumorigenesis E: oncogenation
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D: tumorigenesis
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What types of genetic alterations might make humans more likely to develop a particular type of cancer? 1) those that a parent obtains from his/her child 2) germline mutations 3) those that occur in eggs after menopause 4) somatic mutations A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 E: 2 and 4
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E: 2 and 4
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Why do tumor viruses transform normal cells into cancer cells? 1) They take over the normal cells and cause them to make progeny viruses. 2) They carry genes whose products interfere with the cell's normal growth-regulating activities. 3) They carry genes whose products interfere with the cell's normal bioenergetics pathways. 4) They carry genes whose products interfere with the cell's normal secretory activities. A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 E: 2 and 4
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B: 2
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What do all of the environmental agents that can cause cancer have in common? A: They can all alter the genome. B: They are all soluble in water. C: They are all made of nucleic acids. D: They are all made of amino acids. E: They all can alter proteins present in the cell cytoplasm that are responsible for the onset of cancer.
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A: They can all alter the genome.
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Hypoxic conditions ___________. A: cause cancer cells to activate a transcription factor called Hif B: can cause cancer cells to induce the formation of new blood vessels C: can promote the migratory properties of cancer cells D: can cause the spread of a tumor E: all of the choices are correct
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E: all of the choices are correct
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The fact that tumor cells depend, in many cases, on glycolysis may reflect ________. 1) the high metabolic requirements of cancer cells 2) the high oxygen levels the cancer cells usually encounter 3) an inadequate blood supply within the tumor A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 1 and 2 E: 1 and 3
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E: 1 and 3
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What is the most important property of a cancer cell, whether it is in the body or the culture dish? A: its chromosome complement B: its loss of growth control C: its size D: its secretions E: its inability to divide
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B: its loss of growth control
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What generally happens if cells that have been transformed into cancer cells in culture by carcinogenic chemicals or viruses are introduced into a host animal? 1) Nothing happens; they do not survive in the host. 2) They are reconverted to normal cells in the host. 3) They generally cause tumors in the host animal. 4) The host animal's immune system destroys the transformed cancer cells. A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 E: 1, 2 and 4
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C: 3
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What enzyme possessed by cancer cells, but lacking in normal cells, is thought to contribute to the ability of cancer cells to divide indefinitely and to exhibit a seeming immortality? A: telomerase B: RNA polymerase C: DNA-directed DNA polymerase D: reverse transcriptase
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A: telomerase
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Which of the procedures listed below is not a screening procedure for cancer? A: genomics and proteomics B: pap smear C: colonoscopy D: colonics
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D: colonics
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Which of the following is being used as an antiangiogenic drug? A: the small molecular weight kinase inhibitor Sutent B: the humanized antibody Avastin C: the small molecular weight kinase inhibitor Nexavar D: all of the choices are correct
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D: all of the choices are correct
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Judah Folkmann suggested that solid tumors __________. A: might be destroyed by enhancing their ability to form new blood vessels B: might be dissipated by enhancing the ability of cancer cells to separate from each other C: might be destroyed by inhibiting their ability to form new blood vessels D: might be enlarged by breaking down neighboring tissues E: might be desiccated by osmotic action
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C: might be destroyed by inhibiting their ability to form new blood vessels
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The fluid fraction of the blood is called the _______. A: syrup B: nasum C: residual factor D: serum
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D: serum
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What is a xenograft? A: transplanting cells in the presence of xenon B: transplant of cells from one organism to an organism of a different species C: mixing cells from two different species in a culture dish D: a skin graft from one organism to another within the same species
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B: transplant of cells from one organism to an organism of a different species
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Which of the following is an example of targeted therapy for cancer? A: therapy that attacks only cancer cells, leaving normal cells unscathed B: therapy that attacks a particular protein whose inactivation leaves cancer cells unable to grow or survive C: therapy that attacks cancer cells of a particular patient based on their unique pattern of somatic mutations D: all of the choices are correct
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D: all of the choices are correct
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Why do cells possessing the mutator phenotype greatly increase their risk of the cell becoming malignant? A: Some cells will accumulate mutations in tumor-suppressor genes, but not in oncogenes. B: Mutations in both oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes will occur making development of a malignant tumor more likely. C: Some cells will accumulate mutations in oncogenes, but not in tumor-suppressor genes. D: Mutations in both tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes are likely to be decreased in frequency, making development of a malignant tumor more likely.
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B: Mutations in both oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes will occur making development of a malignant tumor more likely.
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If any of the proteins involved in mismatch repair are damaged, the mutation rate and cancer risk will rise; this is called the ___________. A: stability phenotype B: mutator phenotype C: mutator genotype D: alteration phenotype
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B: mutator phenotype
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The BCL-2 oncogene is the oncogene most closely linked to _________; it encodes a membrane-bound ____________. A: apoptosis, protein that normally acts to activate apoptosis B: apoptosis, protein that normally acts to inhibit apoptosis C: uncontrolled proliferation, protein that normally acts to inhibit apoptosis D: uncontrolled proliferation, protein that normally acts to activate apoptosis
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B: apoptosis, protein that normally acts to inhibit apoptosis
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You culture cells and selectively block MYC gene expression. What is the effect on the cells? A: Cell progression through the cycle continues unabated. B: Cell progression through G1 is blocked. C: The cells arrest in the middle of mitosis. D: The cells arrest in the middle of S phase.
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B: Cell progression through G1 is blocked.
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What type of protein is encoded by oncogenes? A: growth factors or their receptors B: cytoplasmic protein kinases C: nuclear transcription factors D: all of the choices are correct
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D: all of the choices are correct
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What is the oncogene that is most often mutated in human tumors and what does it encode? A: the RAS gene, a GTP-binding protein that serves as an on-off switch for a key cell signaling pathway that controls cell proliferation B: the RAS gene, a DNA polymerase that replicates DNA for dividing cells C: the MYC gene, an RNA polymerase that transcribes mRNA encoding proteins needed for cell division D: the RB gene, a GTP-binding protein that serves as an on-off switch for a key cell signaling pathway that controls cell proliferation
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A: the RAS gene, a GTP-binding protein that serves as an on-off switch for a key cell signaling pathway that controls cell proliferation
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What was the initial explanation for the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation therapy and chemotherapy as compared to normal cells? A: Cancer cells are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy because they divide more rapidly. B: Cancer cells are less resistant to drugs or radiation because once they sustain genetic damage, they either progress through the cell cycle while repair is incomplete and they may undergo apoptosis. C: Cancer cells are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy because they divide more slowly. D: Cancer cells are less resistant to drugs or radiation because once they sustain genetic damage, they either arrest the cell cycle until repair is complete or undergo apoptosis.
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A: Cancer cells are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy because they divide more rapidly.
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What part of the cell cycle does the pRB protein help to regulate? A: the S - G2 transition B: the G1 - S transition C: the G2 - M transition D: the G0 - G1 transition
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B: the G1 - S transition
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Oncogenes act _______; one copy of the gene ________, regardless of whether or not there is a normal, unactivated copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome. A: recessively; makes the cell express the altered phenotype B: recessively; is not enough to make the cell express the altered phenotype C: dominantly, is not enough to make the cell express the altered phenotype D: dominantly, makes the cell express the altered phenotype
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D: dominantly, makes the cell express the altered phenotype
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The most common solid tumors are seen in which of the following tissues? A: breast B: epithelial tissues C: tissues normally engaged in a relatively high level of cell division D: all of the choices are correct
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D: all of the choices are correct
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Cancer is characterized by _____________. A: uncontrollable cell proliferation B: formation of malignant tumors C: the invasion of surrounding healthy tissues D: all of the choices are correct
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D: all of the choices are correct
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Which of the following agents has been shown to cause cancer in lab animals or humans? A: ionizing radiation B: UV light C: chemical carcinogens D: all of the choices are correct
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D: all of the choices are correct
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All of the following are considered causes of cancer EXCEPT ________. A: Ionizing radiation B: Microwave radiation C: Environmental agents D: DNA and RNA tumor viruses
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B: Microwave radiation
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Which of the following is presently being used as a screening procedure for cancer? A: mammography for detecting breast cancer and Pap smears for detecting cervical cancer B: colonoscopy for detecting colorectal cancer C: PSA determinations for detecting prostate cancer D: all of the choices are correct
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D: all of the choices are correct
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How might blocking angiogenesis have a negative impact as a cancer treatment? A: by creating a higher oxygen tension in the tissue B: by concentrating tumor cells at a particular location in the body C: by creating a more O2-deficient environment for the tumor cells thus driving them to seek out other sites in the body D: by triggering higher growth rates in tumor cells
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C: by creating a more O2-deficient environment for the tumor cells thus driving them to seek out other sites in the body
