C451 / INC1 WGU Integrated Natural Sciences 3/2016 – Flashcards
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Observations
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A collection of measurements, notes, images, etc. to describe a phenomenon
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Reproductive Result
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Different Researchers following the published methods finding the same result
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Conclusion
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The summary of the results of an experiment or set of experiments
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Theory
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Synthesis of information and well-tested hypotheses; may be disputed
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Hypothesis
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A scientific idea undergoing testing
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Ohms
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Used to measure for resistance to an electrical current
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Micrometers
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Used to measure the diameter of a lung alveoli
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Joules
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Used to measure work done pushing a refrigerator across a room
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Millivolts
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Used to measure the potential difference across a nerve synapse
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Liters
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Used to measure the volume of air that can be inhaled in a single breath
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Mechanical Advantage of a Lever
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A small input force applied to one end of a lever produces a large output force at the opposite end of the lever
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Physics
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The study of Electricity, electrical circuits, forces, energy, heat, sound, light, and subatomic energies
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Astronomy
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The study of stars and planets
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Earth Science
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The study of geology, meteorology and oceanography
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Biology
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The study of living organisms
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Chemistry
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The study of the interactions between compounds and molecules
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A Hypotheses must be?
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Falsifiable and results must be repeatable
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A systems approach to scientific study?
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Enables scientists to take into account the various parts of a system when making predictions about system behavior
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Law
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A law is widely accepted by the scientific community
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Creativity
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Enables scientists to come up with new hypotheses
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Big Bang Theory
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Account for the beginning of both time and space in the universe
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Produces a decrease in Gravitational and electrical force between two objects
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Increasing the Distance between objects and decreasing the electrical charge and the mass of both objects
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The primary thermonuclear reaction that occurs in our Sun
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A certain mass of hydrogen atoms is fused together every second to become a lesser mass of helium atoms, and the missing mass is released as radiant energy
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Two phenomena are the result of gravity between the Moon and the Earth
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One side of the Moon always facing Earth and Phases of the Moon
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How does cosmic background radiation with a wavelength of 7.35cm help support the big bang theory?
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The wavelength matches the predicted value for the current temperature of the universe and radiation is coming from all directions with no specific source
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White Dwarf
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Star no longer undergoing fusion
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Red Giant
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Star near it's final stage of evolution, burns helium as it's primary fuel and begins to have carton build-up in the core; type of star the Sun will become
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Main-Sequence Star
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Star burns hydrogen as its primary fuel
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Three helium nuclei combine to form a carbon nucleus, releasing light energy
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Process of Thermonuclear fusion in a helium-burning star
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Electromagnetic Waves with Frequency higher than that of visible light
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Gamma Rays, Ultraviolet and X-Rays
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Electromagnetic Waves with Frequency lower than that of visible light
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Radio Waves, Infrared and Microwaves
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Order of the objects, increasing in distance from the Sun
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Astroid Belt, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
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Jupiter
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Has a very strong magnetic field that produces the highest radiation levels ever measured and is the most massive planet
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Pluto
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Composed primarily of rock and nitrogen ice
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Saturn
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Has the lowest density of any planet
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Radio Waves
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Electromagnetic wave is used to transmit AM/FM radio stations
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X-Rays
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Electromagnetic wave is used to identify broken bones
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Ultraviolet
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Electromagnetic wave is used to kill bacteria and sanitize instruments
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Microwaves
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Electromagnetic wave is used to cook and heat food
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Gamma Rays
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Electromagnetic wave is used in medicine for cancer treatment?
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Metamorphic Rocks
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Contain minerals from igneous or sedimentary rocks, can be foliated and are recrystallized
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Granite
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Coarse-grained and plutonic
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Marble
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Large interlocking crystals of calcite, non foliated and metamorphic
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Silicate
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Four oxygen atoms joined to one silicon atom in a tetrahedron
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Diamond
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Carbon arranged in a crystal lattice
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Magnetism
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Deflects moving charged particles, is perpendicular to current flowing through a wire and causes a directional needle in a compass to rotate
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Electricity
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Occurs when there is a difference in Electrical Potential and is measured as current
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How Table Salt is Bonded together
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Electrons in the salt are transferred to form cations and anions, Chlorine and Sodium fill their outermost energy shells by donating or gaining electrons
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Water reacts to Freezing by?
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Decreasing transitional energy, move into a more orderly arrangement and move slight away from each other
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Crust
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Contains the highest concentration of silica
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Core
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Composed primarily of nickel and iron and cannot be penetrated by S-Waves
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Mantle
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Contains iron-rich silicate rock
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The Himalayan Mountain range is produced by what tectonic movements?
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A continental plate is colliding with another continental plate, causing upward motion and a lithospheric plate is colliding with another lithospheric plate of similar buoyancy
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Effects of the Earth's Hadley Cells
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Trade Winds, Regions of high rainfall in the tropics and clear skies in the subtropical desert
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy in motion (i.e. Propagation of sound, driving in a straight line at a constant speed)
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Chemical Potential Energy
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Stored Energy in Chemicals (i.e. Energy stored in glucose, random molecular motion)
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Gravitational Potential Energy
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Stored Energy in objects being acted upon by gravity
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Radio Waves Transferred by?
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Vibrating electric and magnetic fields force electrons in the receiving antenna to vibrate at the same frequency
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Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
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For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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Role of Solar Energy
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Warms air at the equator which rises and spreads towards the poles, circulating in large convection currents and plants covert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis
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Two most Abundant gases in Earth Atmosphere
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Oxygen & Nitrogen
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Seismometers
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Used to measure earthquake magnitude and infer the structure of the Earth's Interior
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Abiotic and Biotic relationship in a forest ecosystem
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Solar energy enabling plants to create organic molecules
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First Tropic Level
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Plants and algae make their own food and are called primary producers
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Second Trophic Level
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Herbivores eat plants and are called primary consumers
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Third Trophic Level
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Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers
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Fourth Trophic Level
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Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers
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Fifth Trophic Level
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Apex predators that have no predators are at the top of the food chain
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Plants
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Multicellular terrestrial photosynthetic autotrophs
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Fungi
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Single-celled heterotroph used in baking
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Animals
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Multicellular heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by ingestion and heterotrophs with an exoskeleton
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Protists
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A single-sealed heterotroph that causes severe gastric distress in it's host
