Biology Study Guide
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
When the large general answer is transformed to the smaller more understandable answer
answer
Deductive Reasoning
question
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
answer
Four nitrogenous bases for DNA
question
The bases of DNA are: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. DNA is found only in the nucleus. DNA's main function is to control cell activities, like telling each organelle what to make and what to do.
answer
DNA
question
The bases of RNA are: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine. RNA can be found in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell. RNA's main function is to make proteins.
answer
RNA
question
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
answer
The Most Common Elements in Organisms
question
carbohydrates: Monomers such as glucose and fructose Polymer such as starch Lipids: Monomer such as fatty acid, Polymer such as phospholipidsproteins Proteins: Monomers are amino acids, such as Serine Small polymer such as peptides Nucleic acids: Monomers such asthymine Polymers such as DNA and RNA
answer
Types of Organic Molecules
question
An educated guess
answer
Hypothesis
question
It must be testable and falsifiable
answer
What makes a hypothesis true?
question
A bigger open answer that allows you to make up more hypotheses to be tested. Has a large and growing body of evidence.
answer
Theory
question
An experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a controlled group.
answer
Controlled Experiment
question
Carbon-based molecules that contain carbon.
answer
Organic Compounds
question
They allow the cell to carry out chemical reactions very quickly.
answer
Enzymes in a Cell
question
Allows the phospholipid bilayer to allow some particles to go through while not letting others through
answer
Selective Permeability
question
Uses lights and glass lenses to magnify an image
answer
Light Microscopes
question
Uses beams of electrons to produce images
answer
Electron Microscopes
question
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
answer
Prokaryotes
question
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
answer
Eukaryotes
question
explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells.
answer
Endosymbiont Theory
question
Have cell walls, contain chloroplasts and plastids, are usually round.
answer
Plant Cells
question
Do not have cell walls, do not contain chloroplasts and plastids, and usually rectangular.
answer
Animal Cells
question
The cell is basic unit of life. All living things are made up of one or more cell. All cells come from other living cells.
answer
Cell Theory
question
Chromosomes with matching information`
answer
Homologous Chromosomes
question
a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
answer
Cell Wall
question
double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
answer
Lipid Bilayer
question
The command center of a cell, contains the most of cells DNA, and controls the cells activities.
answer
Nucleus
question
Organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells and convert chemical energy of foods to the chemical energy of the molecule ATP.
answer
Mitochondria
question
capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
answer
Chloroplasts
question
Have ribosome's that stud the outer surface of the membrane.
answer
Rough ER
question
An system in eukaryotic cells consisting membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the ER
answer
Golgi Apparatus
question
Helps the cell grow in size by absorbing water and enlarging it, stores vital chemicals, and acts like a trash can for safety storing.
answer
Central Vacuole
question
A membranous sac filler with digestive enzymes.
answer
Lysosomes
question
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
answer
Active Transport
question
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
answer
Osmosis
question
Cellular "eating."
answer
Phagocytosis
question
Cellular "drinking."
answer
Pinocytosis
question
Non-polar substances. Such as steroids.
answer
What can diffuse through the lipid bilayer?
question
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telephase. IPMAT
answer
The Five Stages of Cell Division
question
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division
answer
Interphase
question
First phase of mitosis where chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears
answer
Prophase
question
Second phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
answer
Metaphase
question
The third phase of mitosis where chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
answer
Anaphase
question
The last stage of meiosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
answer
Telophase
question
46 parent cells 1 divisions 2 daughter cells produced 46 chromosome daughter cells Produces replications of cells
answer
Mitosis
question
46 parent cells 2 divisions 4 daughter cells produced 23 chromosome daughter cells Produces gametes and sex cells
answer
Meiosis
question
Organisms that make their own food
answer
Autotrophs
question
The ultimate source of energy for most ecosystems.
answer
Sunlight
question
Produces more energy than fermentation
answer
Cellular Respiration
question
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sunlight
answer
Starting Materials for Photosynthesis
question
Oxygen, NADPH, and ATP
answer
The Products of Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
question
NADPH and ATP
answer
The Products of the Calvin Cycle of Photosynthesis
question
Thylakoids, stroma, and granam
answer
Structure of Chloroplasts
question
The plant absorbs light, electron transport and ATP is generated, and carbon dioxide is fixed and sugar is produced
answer
Stages of Photosynthesis
question
small pores in leaves
answer
Stomata
question
Breathing
answer
Respiration
question
the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules.
answer
Cell Respiration
question
Glucose and oxygen
answer
Starting Materials for Cell Respiration
question
2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH, and a net of 2 molecules of ATP.
answer
Products of Glycolysis
question
FADH2, two CO2, three NADH, GTP, and ATP
answer
Products of the Citric Acid Cycle
question
sequence of electron carrier molecules that transfer electrons and release energy during cellular respiration
answer
Electron Transport Chain
question
By adding phospate groups to common energy carrying molecules.
answer
How Cell Respiration Capture Energy in Food?
question
How Mendal carried out his experiments
answer
Pea Plants
question
an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual
answer
Testcross
question
They both produce the phenotype of the heterozygote.
answer
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
question
When the inheritance of one character has NO effect on the inheritance of another.
answer
Law of Independent Assortment
question
Refers to the inheritance of quantitative traits that are influenced by multiple genes
answer
Polygenic Inheritance
question
When one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over.
answer
Incomplete Dominance
question
Location of genes on chromosomes
answer
Locus
question
Genes that are located on the sex chromosomes. They show up mostly on the X chromosome. (MEN)
answer
Sex-linked Genes
