Biology 141: Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
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What are the 7 subtopic of Anatomy?
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cytology, developmental, embryology, gross, histology, pathology, radiology
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Science of the body relevant to the shape/form (the make-up
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Anatomy
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"Study of cell population" and the patterns of, if there's abnormalities
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Cytology
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"Study of tissues" structural piece made from aggregation or accumulation of similar cells
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histology
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name the four types of tissues
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nervous, muscle, connective, epithelial
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"study of developmental process in the uterus"
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embryology/fetology
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"study of disease/injuries in a structure and how they impact that structure
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pathology
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using the advancement of technology to see different angles/presentation at deep levels without cutting open
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radiology
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-birth to death (lifespan) -covers entire existence to see how it changes and presents itself
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developmental
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"large" appreciation of body through naked eye
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gross
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name two types of gross
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systematic and regional
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curious to explore all parts of body
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systematic gross
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look only at a particular spot of body
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regional gross
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study of action/process/function of body and has 11 body systems
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physiology
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What are the 14 things that prove there's life?
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cellular presence, metabolism, DNA presence, homeostasis, water, growth, stimuli, adjust adapt evolve, excretion, digestion, circulation, respiratory response, reproduction, cellular respiration
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Name 2 types of cellular presence
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unicellular and multicellular
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-sum total of all the chemical processes in the body geared toward satisfying nutritional/energy needs
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metabolism
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"build up." small atoms and chemically connect them together for a bigger structure
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anabolism
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large chemical broken into subunits
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catabolism
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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internal environment is stable and helps deal with external world
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homeostasis
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enlarge the structure without destroying its basic outline
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growth
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"growing up"
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hyperplasia
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"growing out"
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hypertrophy
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variable that evokes a response physically, behaviorally, etc.
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stimuli
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get rid of waste material
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excretion
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break down food
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digestion
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internal mechanism for moving nutrients through body and pickup to remove waste
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circulation
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able to exchange gases (breathing)
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respiratory response
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able to use a gas to burn calorie molecules for energy (ATP)
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cellular respiration
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What is the Hierarchical Structural Order for and organism? (Least to Complex)
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atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
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What are the 8 characteristics of human beings?
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Large cranial capacity, heaviest brain, ladies have flared pelvis structures, bipedalism, manual dexterity, varies teeth structure, weakest pounds per pressure bites, and prominent chins
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monitor/survey homeostatic variables tied to
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homeostatic feedback systems
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What are the 4 steps?
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set point, receptors, control center, and effectors
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where the variable is
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set point
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gather information about a variable
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receptor
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brain/spinal chord
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control center
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makes sense of
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interpretation
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response
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integration
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muslces, glands/hormones of body sends what to do
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effectors
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nothings wrong
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inhibitory response
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fix what's wrong
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excitatory response
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part of brain that deals with basic biology of body
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hypothalamus
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"sweat glands"
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sudoriferous glands
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"smooth muscles"
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arrector pili muscles
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-releases something in the body to raise/lower it in the body -most common in body
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negative feedback
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example of positive feedback in the body?
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pregnancy
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lining of wall of chest wall, pelvic, and abdominal walls; slippery, moist, releases clear fluids
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serous
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What quadrant is A?
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upper right quadrant
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What quadrant is B?
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left upper quadrant
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What quadrant is C?
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lower right quadrant
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What quadrant is D?
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lower left quadrant
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fleshy part of ear
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pinna
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hole in ear (external auditory means)
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meatus
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What is region A?
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hypochondriac
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What is region B?
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epigastric
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What is region C?
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left hypochondriac
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What is region D?
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right lumbar
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What is region E?
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umbilicus
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What is region F?
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left lumbar
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What is region G?
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right iliac/inguinal
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What is region H?
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hypo gastric
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What is region I?
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left iliac/inguinal
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"skin"; out covering of people
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cutaneous membrane
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makes sticky fat ("lipid") sugar. Traps stuff so that it can be expelled out body and opening/orifices are lined with this
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mucous membrane
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lining of cavities
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serous membrane
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inability to hold body together and make ATP
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death
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science of substances (presence of them, the relationships)
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chemistry
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anything that takes up space and has a mass
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matter
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humans are made of 95% of these four atoms
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carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen (COHN)
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All living things are 95% of these five atoms
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sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen (PONCH)
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we need little bits but could have major issues without them
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trace elements
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capacity to do work (source=sun)
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energy
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made of subatomic particles unseen by human eyes
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atoms/elements
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What is the charge, position and weight of an electron?
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negative charge, orbitals and weightless
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What is the charge, position and weight of a proton?
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positive charge, nucleus and 1 A.M.U
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What is the charge, position and weight of a proton?
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neutral charge, nucleus and 1 A.M.U
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naturally occurring forms of an atom/element in nature which differ in terms of their neutrons and atomic weight
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isotopes
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the higher the value, the stronger the ability to attract other atoms to you
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electronegativity
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number of electrons in outer most shell
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valence
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atoms long to have full shells
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octet rule
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bond between a metal and nonmetal
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ionic
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is an atom that has either released or received an extra electron
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ion
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ions with a positive charge
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cation
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ions with a negative charge
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anion
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2 atoms share a pair of non-mental electrons
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covalent
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"unequal" sharing of electrons
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polar covalent bond
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other things dissolve in well (does the dissolving)
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solvent
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things you want dissolved
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solute
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weaker bonds
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hydrogen and vander waals forces
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week electrostatic current bonds. Attraction between electrons that overlap because they're big molecules
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vander waals forces
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gas (pooting)
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flatulence
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A + B =C
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synthesis
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C = A+B
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decomposition
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AB + CD = AC + BD
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exchange reaction
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specialized exchange reaction between acids and bases
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neutralization
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release hydrogen ions (H+) in water
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acids
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release hydroxide (OH-) in water
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bases
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take 2 destructive things, bring them together, and get something less harmful/destructive (get water and salt from it usually)
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neutralization reaction
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Factors that influence chemical reactions
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temperature, catalytic effects, particle size, PH status, and concentration
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more outcome or faster atoms
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higher temperatures
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less outcome or slower atoms
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lower temperatures
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causes lower activity energy and speeds up chemical reactions
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enzymes
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minimal amount of energy needed to push reaction forward
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activation energy
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helper of enzyme
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coenzymes
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usually metal, raise temperatures because the metal absorbs more heat
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cofactors
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collide/crash more and move faster
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small particles
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decrease collision/crash and moves slower
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large particles
