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eukaryotic cell

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has a nucleus, membrane bond organelles, plants, animals, fungi, protists

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prokaryotic cell

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A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

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ribosomes

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non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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no ribosomes are found on surface; contains collection of enzymes that perform special tasks that include the synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification; the liver contains a lot of smooth er

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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ER that has ribosomes embedded in its walls. It operates by threading polypeptides into the lumen, letting the protein fold without the influence of the cytosol. Usually produces proteins that will be secreted

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Golgi Apparatus

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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Lysosome

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membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides

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vacuole

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storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste

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mitochondria

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Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

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chloroplast

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organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

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cytosol

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the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended

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cytoplasm

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region of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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cell membrane

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thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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cell wall

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a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms

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peroxisome

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A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

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cytoskeleton

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a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence

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monosaccharide

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The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH20.

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disaccharide

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A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

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carbohydrates

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substances in food that consist of a single sugar molecule or of multiples of them in various forms. They provide the body with energy.

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starch

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a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice

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glycogen

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An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

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cellulose

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polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

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chitin

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in the cell wall of hyphae, a polysaccharide that also makes up the exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans, and other anthropods

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dehydration synthesis

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a chemical reaction in which large molecules are formed by removing water from smaller molecules and joining them together

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hydrolysis

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a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water.

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monomer

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a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

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polymer

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large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together

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glucose

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a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms

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galactose

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A monosaccharide (or simple sugar), found in dairy products.

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lactose

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a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule

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enzyme

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any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions

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lactase

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enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose

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amylase

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enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

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peristalsis

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the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

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bolus

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A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva

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jejunum

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second part of the small intestine

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duodenum

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the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum

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ileum

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the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum

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cecum

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The first portion of the large intestine

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appendix

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a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch

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phospholipid

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A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head; form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

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steroid

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A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached; examples are cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

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saturated fatty acid

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A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton., solid at room temperature, animal derived, all carbons have single bonds to hydrogens

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unsaturated fatty acid

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A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton., liquid at room temperature, plant derived, not all carbons have bonds to hydrogen, one or more double covalent bonds

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polyunsaturated fatty acid

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an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has more than one double or triple valence bond per molecule; found chiefly in fish and corn and soybean oil and safflower oil

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amino acids

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building blocks of proteins

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proteins

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Molecules made by connecting amino acids via peptide bonds. Proteins are synthesized (translated) by ribosomes, and function as enzymes, carriers, structrual fibers, cell surface receptors, channels, porters, hormones, etc., made up of amino acids

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nucelic acids

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DNA: 100 million to 1 billion nucleotides long, contains genetic code, cell division, sexual reproduction, protein synthesis; RNA-3 types, transfer RNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, 70 to 10,000 nucleotides long, involved in protein synthesis coded for by DNA

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nucleotides

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Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

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nitrogen bases

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adenine cytosine guanine thymine uracil

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ATP

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a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue

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cellular respiration

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process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Takes place in the mitochondria

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fermentation

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cellular process of making ATP without oxygen

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covalent bonds

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form when electrons are shared between atoms

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ionic bonds

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formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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hydrogen bonds

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very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

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van der waals interactions

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Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of positive and negative charges, collectively these interactions can be strong; example: gecko's toe hairs and a wall surface

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isomer

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compounds with the same simple formula but different three-dimensional structures resulting in different physical and chemical properties

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isotopes

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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

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catabolic reaction

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breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy

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anabolic reaction

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synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones

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anion

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a negatively charged ion

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cation

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a positively charged ion

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activation energy

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the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur

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catalyst

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(chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

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coenzyme

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a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes

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allosteric site

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A site on an enzyme other than the active site, to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of the enzyme.

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active site

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the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate

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allosteric inhibitor

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Molecule binds to an enzyme somewhere other than active site and inhibits.

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noncompetitive inhibitor

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A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

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cofactor

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Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.

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allosteric activator

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binds to a regulatory site (not active site, often located where subunits join), which stabilizes the shape that has functional active sites

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first law of thermodynamics

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The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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high specific heat

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Take more energy to change the temperature, Third unique property of water., amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1g of substance 1 degree C, takes a while for it to reach boiling point so that it stays cool enough to organisms to benefit from it.

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cohesion

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attraction between molecules of the same substance

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adhesion

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an attraction between molecules of different substances

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capillary action

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the combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials, one of the forces that draws water out of the roots of a plant and up into its stems and leaves.

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surface tension

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A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.

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aquaporins

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a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

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collagen

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Structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue

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hemoglobin

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iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

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antibodies

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proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

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antigens

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foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.

Biochemistry and cell organelles – Flashcards

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