question

The primer used in Sanger sequencing

answer

has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the 3' end of the region to be copied.

question

To carry out Sanger sequencing, a mixture is needed containing single-stranded DNA. DNA polymerase. four deoxyribonucleotides A, T, C, G. All of the above.

answer

all of the above

question

When a dideoxyribonucleotide is added to the tube,

answer

replication of the strand stops.

question

To sequence DNA by this method, the DNA must first be obtained in single-stranded form.

answer

true

question

Examining the electrophoresis gel and reading from bottom to top, one base at a time, gives the sequence of DNA.

answer

true

question

Only about _____of the human genome is composed of protein-encoding genes.

answer

1%

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The information for proteins is found in ____ DNA; the rest of DNA, nearly 99%, is noncoding.

answer

coding

question

Although many human genes exist as _______, there are still many others that exist in multiple copies. Blocks of genes called segmental duplications are those that have been copied from one chromosome to another.

answer

single-copy genes

question

Identical copies of genes repeated many times in a row are called_______, and transcription of all of the copies can allow the cell to obtain large amounts of the protein they encode.

answer

tandem clusters

question

Groups of related but different genes that occur together in a cluster are called ___________s and likely arose from a single ancestral sequence.

answer

multigene familie

question

In genetic engineering, genes are isolated and inserted into other DNA, producing recombinant DNA. To do this, both the source and the vector DNA are first cut into fragments by ________.

answer

restriction enzymes

question

A(n) _____ is a section of DNA recognized by a restriction endonuclease.

answer

restriction site

question

Restriction endonucleases that produce ______ are prefered for recombinant DNA technology.

answer

sticky ends

question

The enzyme ______ is then used to join fragments of DNA that have been cut with the same restriction enzymes.

answer

DNA ligase

question

One method of identifying an individual's DNA is by using DNA _____

answer

fingerprinting.

question

This method utilizes two other biotechnological procedures,____ and gel electrophoresis.

answer

PCR

question

PCR will make ______of a section of DNA found in a sample, such as a hair or body fluid. The amplified DNA is then cut with _______.

answer

copies restriction enzymes

question

The pieces of DNA are then loaded into a gel, and different-sized _______will move to different locations on the gel.

answer

fragments

question

The patterns of DNA fragments are unique for each individual and so can be compared and used for _____

answer

identification.

question

In traditional DNA fingerprinting, the DNA that has been collected is cut into smaller pieces by

answer

restriction enzymes.

question

The resulting thousands of different sized DNA fragments are then separated by size using

answer

gel electrophoresis.

question

The addition of radiolabeled probe molecules to the DNA fragments results in

answer

hybridization.

question

DNA fingerprinting is a method of identification based on an individual's protein array.

answer

false

question

The main difference between traditional DNA fingerprinting and the method that has superceded it is that the newer method does not contain variable number of tandem repeat sequences - or VNTRs.

answer

false

question

The ____ chain reaction can create copies of a segment of DNA.

answer

polymerase

question

PCR requires the use of DNA polymerase and ______ for base pairing

answer

nucleotides

question

PCR is a chain reaction because the targeted DNA is _______ replicated as long as the process continues.

answer

repeatedly

question

With every replication cycle, the amount of DNA is _____

answer

doubled.

question

PCR requires all of the following EXCEPT primers. DNA ligase. DNA polymerase. DNA of interest. deoxyrobinucleotide

answer

dna ligase

question

If you start with one double-stranded DNA molecule and you perform SIX cycles of PCR, how many double-stranded copies of the DNA will you have?

answer

64

question

The most likely source of the Taq polymerase used in PCR is a bacterium that lives in

answer

hot vents

question

PCR can be used to amplify DNA from any source.

answer

true

question

During PCR, the hydrogen bonds of the double-stranded DNA molecules are broken by the enzyme helicase.

answer

false

question

Medicines made from eukaryotic proteins such as _____ are being produced by genetically modified bacteria.

answer

insulin

question

Using _________to produce proteins needed in medicines has reduced the risk associated with using blood products obtained from other individuals.

answer

genetic engineering

question

Recombinant DNA can be used to create _______when viral genes are inserted into vector DNA and injected into individuals to produce an immune response.

answer

vaccines

question

In the mid-1990s, a sheep (Dolly) was successfully cloned using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. In this technique,

answer

the nucleus of an egg was removed and the egg was fused with a body cell.

question

Reproductive cloning is a process that creates an exact ___ of an organism.

answer

copy

question

This type of cloning has become a common practice in some species of farm ____

answer

animals

question

These animals are created from ____ adult nuclei, making them true clones.

answer

somatic

question

The clones are created to have desirable genetic ____, such as the ability to make human proteins

answer

traits

question

Most clones do not live a normal life span due to the lack of proper gene _____, a conditioning of DNA by its cell.

answer

reprogramming

question

In embyronic stem cell therapy, embryonic stem cells that have escaped early _________ are grown in tissue culture.

answer

differentiation

question

Because they are _____, cells from early stage embryos are able to develop into different types of tissues.

answer

uncommitted

question

The embryonic stem cells growing in culture are induced to form a type of _____ needed by a patient.

answer

tissue

question

The tissue cells are injected into the patient to replace ____ tissue.

answer

damaged

question

Recent experiments suggest that it may be possible to induce some kinds of ____cells to act like embryonic stem cells.

answer

adult

question

Which statement best explains the role of a vector in recombinant DNA technology?

answer

It carries a segment of DNA to be cloned.

question

In gene therapy treatment for cystic fibrosis, healthy versions of the cf gene were transferred to patients using _______________ as a vector; unfortunately, these attempts at gene therapy failed due to _______________ and increased rate of cancer. Other vectors such as AAV are being investigated.

answer

adenovirus; immune system attack

question

Removing genes from molecules of DNA requires the use of special

answer

restriction enzymes

question

Which of the following is incorrect about the polymerase chain reaction?

answer

It cannot be used on very old samples of tissue or blood.

question

The enzyme used to make a DNA copy complementary to processed mRNA is:

answer

reverse transcriptase

question

A friend asks you a question after your biology class. "What's genetic engineering?" Your answer is:

answer

"Genetic engineering is moving genes from one organism to another."

question

"Golden" rice is so-named because it contains:

answer

vitamin A and iron

question

Which is incorrect about restriction enzymes? They are key tools that make genetic engineering possible. They are found in bacteria and eukaryotes. They were discovered by Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith in 1960s. A specific enzyme will always cut at the same sequence. Bacteria may possess them naturally to rid themselves of viral DNA.

answer

They are found in bacteria and eukaryotes.

question

Which is correct about cDNA? It represents the gene without the introns. Reverse transcriptase is used on the primary transcript. Bacteria possess reverse transcriptase. It is normally found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is found in the nucleoid of bacteria.

answer

It represents the gene without the introns.

question

All of the genes and other DNA of an organism constitute its:

answer

genome

question

Comparing the entire DNA content of different organisms

answer

genomics

question

Groups of related but distinctly different genes that occur together in clusters are called:

answer

multigene families

question

Whole blocks of genes that have been copied from one chromosome to another are referred to as:

answer

segmental duplications

question

Bits of DNA that literally jump from one chromosome to another are

answer

transposable elements

question

Which of these is NOT a type of noncoding human DNA?

answer

Multigene families

question

If only about 1% of the human genome is devoted to protein-encoded genes, what is the majority of the rest?

answer

Transposable elements.

question

Scientists in Scotland figured out a novel method to clone cells successfully. It involved:

answer

using an egg and a nucleus that were at the same stage of the cell cycle

question

Genomic imprinting works by:

answer

blocking the cell's ability to read certain genes

question

An adult stem cell differs from an embryonic stem cell in that it is not:

answer

pluripotent

question

A clear distinction between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is that:

answer

therapeutic cloning involves the eventual destruction of the embryo, whereas reproductive cloning does not

question

In animal cloning, DNA donated from an adult stem cell:

answer

has to be reprogrammed for the gene expression needed for early development

question

Adult stem cells offer an alternative to embryonic stem cells, however they:

answer

are difficult to identify

question

Therapeutic cloning successfully addresses the key problem of ________________, which must be solved before embryonic stem cells can be used to repair damaged human organs.

answer

immune acceptance

question

Which of the following problems exist when performing human gene therapy? The vector used to carry the gene may elicit a strong immune response, leading to rejection of the added gene. The virus vector may cause a lethal immune reaction itself in rare cases. The virus vector may insert its DNA into the middle of a gene, which could lead to cancer. All of the choices are correct.

answer

ALL

question

In therapeutic cloning, why are the embryonic cells used to treat an individual not rejected by that individual?

answer

Because the embryonic cells are cloned from the same individual they are injected into

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