Bio Ethics Ch 1-3 – Flashcards
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T/F If people's moral judgments differ from culture to culture, moral norms are relative to culture.
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false
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T/F Cultural relativism logically entails tolerance for other cultures
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false
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T/F Moral absolutism is the view that there are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone.
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False
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A moral principle that applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted is
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Prima Facie
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The overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for his or her own good is known as
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paternalism
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A key feature of moral norms is
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normative dominance
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A deductive argument is intended to give
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Logically conclusive support to its conclusion
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The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues is called
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applied ethics
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T/F From the fact that cultures have divergent moral beliefs on an issue, it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth.
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true
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The misrepresentation of a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is known as
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Straw Man fallacy
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T/F Logical argument and persuasion are essentially the same thing.
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False
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Ethics is the study of morality using the tools and method of
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philosophy
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The argument form of "If p, then q; p; therefore, q" is called _____.
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modus ponens
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T/F Nonmaleficence is the bedrock precept of codes of conduct for health care professionals.
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True
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Moral premises can be called into question by showing that they
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Conflict with credible principles, theories, or judgments
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T/F That equals should be treated equally is a basic precept of the principle of autonomy.
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False
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T/F According to virtue ethics, the central task in morality is knowing and applying principles.
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False
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T/F In the ethics of care, the heart of the moral life is feeling for and caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection.
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True
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A moral theory explains
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Why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad
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T/F Natural law tradition resolves dilemmas through the principle of utility.
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False
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T/F Casuistry is a method of reasoning that emphasizes cases and analogy rather than universal principles and theories.
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True
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The primary inspiration for contemporary versions of virtue ethics is
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Aristotle
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Underlying natural law theory is the belief that
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All of nature, including humankind, is teleological
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Act-utilitarianism is the view that
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The rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions
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Natural law theory is the view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason.
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True
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Kant says that through reason and reflection we can derive our duties from
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The categorical imperative
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T/F Classic utilitarianism depends heavily on a strong sense of impartiality
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True
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T/F Rule-utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.
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False (Act-Utilitarianism)
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T/F Rawls's equal liberty principles says that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.
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True
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Kant's categorical imperatives are absolutist
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True
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Feminist ethics is an approach to morality aimed at
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Advancing women's interests and correcting injustices inflicted on women through social oppression and inequality
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Consequentialist moral theories insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on
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Their consequences or results
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The data that a moral theory is supposed to explain are
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Our considered moral judgements
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Kant's principle of respect for persons says that we should always treat persons
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Never merely as a means to an end
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Any moral theory that is inconsistent with the facts of the moral life is
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Problematic
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T/F Moral theories are not relevant to our moral life.
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False
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T/F For both physician and patients, the issue of futility is not a question of values.
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False
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T/F Weak paternalism is not usually considered an objectionable violation of autonomy.
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True
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A DNR is a directive telling the medical staff to
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forgo CPR on a patient
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Early medical practice was strongly paternalistic.
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True
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In general, Kantian ethics views paternalism as
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A violation of atonomy
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The case of Helga Wanglie concerned what some have referred to as
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Medical Futility
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Generally, Kantian ethics rejects
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Paternalism
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The overriding of a person's actions or choices although he or she is substantially autonomous is called
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Strong Paternalism
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The utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill endorsed state paternalism.
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False
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A person is either fully autonomous or entirely lacking in autonomy.
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Falsse
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Since the 1970s, several children have died after their parents refused medical treatment because of religious beliefs.
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True
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Paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished is known as
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Weak Paternalism
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The traditional notion of a nurse is that of a care-giver subordinate to physicians and duty bound to carry out their directives for patient care and treatment. For many nurses this model seems fraught with conflicts between _____
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The nurse's obligation to follow doctor's orders and her duty of beneficence toward her patients
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T/F Physician autonomy is the freedom of doctors to determine the conditions they work in and the care they give patients
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True
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T/F The Hippocratic Oath asserted patients' rights to decide about their own medical care.
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False
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T/F According to Roman Catholic doctrine, a hopelessly ill patient has the right to refuse extraordinary life-sustaining treatments.
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True
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Physicians are obliged to regard every patient request as legitimate
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False
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Some reject the traditional model of nursing, arguing instead that the nurse's ultimate responsibility is to be _____
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An advocate for patients
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Court rulings have established that competent patients have a right to
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reject commended treatments
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The case of Elizabeth Bouvia concerned
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refusal of treatments
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The authority of persons to control who may possess and use information about themselves is considered
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right to privacy
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The case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California concerned a conflict between
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A duty of confidentiality and a duty to warn
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The notion of patients imparting information to health professionals who promise, implicitly or explicitly, not to disclose that information to others is known as
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confidentiality
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The physician's duties of confidentiality and preventing harm are
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sometimes conflict in HIV cases
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The case of Carlos R. was mostly about
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Medical confidentiality versus a duty to warn
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In the Hippocratic Oath, the physician's respect for confidentiality is
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clearly expressed
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T/F Complete confidentiality in modern health care is entirely feasible.
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False
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