bio – chapter 42 – Flashcards

Anatomy is the study of an organism's physical structure and physiology is how the organism's physical structure interacts

They look at adaptions, heritable traits that help an organism survive and reproduce in a given enviornment better than organisms without these traits. They study them because they result in trade off, which are inescapable compromises between traits

Female and male cricket reproduction. The male produces a spermatophore, a large sperm packet surrounded by a gelentenious mass, which is then eaten by a female cricket. They showed that crickets who produced spermatophores every other day and daily were increasingly deficient in immune function compared to the control group that just produced one spermatophore meaning that there is a trade off between reproduction function and immune function.

It is a short term phenotypic response to an environmental change and yes it is an adaption. One example is tanning, a short term response to more sunlight. It is highly genetically variant

It is common for adaptive anatomical structures to have a size, shape or composition that closely relates to it's function. i.e beak size of the galapogoes finches varied for each seed type The mechanism for this is when a mutant allele that changes the physical composition of a trait produces more fit offspring, that allele becomes more frequent in the population

Protein shape often correlates with it's role as an enzmye, strucutral component of a cell or transporter i.e The surrounding

Cells that manufacture and secrete hormones and enzymes contrain rough ER and Golgi appartus -> Rough er aids in protein production golgi appartus sorting and packing of proteins for secretion cells responsbile for transporting material into and out of the body have a plasma membrane with a large surface to accumulate as many channels, pumps and transporters as possible

It is important because each different cell type has a different function. Tissue is agroup of cells that function as a unit

Connective tissue is a group of cells losely arranged in a liquid, jelly or solid extra cellular mass. Arramged in a array of fiborous proteins in a soft matrix Loose connective tissue serves as packing materials between organs or padding under the skin Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue (see picture) Dense connective tissue is found in the tendons and ligaments and connects bones, organs, muscles and many tough collagen fibers Supporting connnective tissue is located in the bones and cartilage and provides structural support for the body and protection for the brain and other components of the nervous system fluid connective tissues conssists of cells sorruounded by a liquid extracellular matrix. Blood a type of fluid connective tissue transports material throughout the body. it's extracellular mass is called plasma

Nervous tissue is tissue made up of neurons. Neurons have 2 type of projections that allow them to contact other cells 1. dendrites which carry electrical signals from the other cells to the body cell 2. axons which carry electrical signals from the cell body to other cells Axons are the bead like structures and dendrites are the tentacle like structures

Skeletal muscle - body movement, voluntary movement cardiac muscle - involuntary hear pumping, lines the walls of the heart smooth muscle - involuntary, lines the digestive tract

Epithelial tissue are tissues that cover the outside of the body, line the interior of the organs and form glands Glands are a group of cells that secrete molecules organs are physical structures that consist of multiple tissues to serve a specific function

Since it's purpose is protection, packets of cells are tightly packed together. It has polar sideness with an apical end facing the enviornment and a basolateral side facing the interior. The basal lamia connects the basolateral side with other tissues. epithelial cells have a short life span. "gateway" between outside and insite of the body selectively uptaking nutrients

1. atomic level - membrane proteins regulate ion flow 2. cellular level - electrical signals separated by ion flow travel down a single neuron 3. tissue level - electrical signals travel from nerve cell to nerve cell in the nervous tissue 4. organ level - nervous tissue and connective tissue intergrate in the brain to aid in smell, memory, sight and thoughts 5. organ systems - nervous system controls breathing, digestion and movement An organism is greater than the sum of it's individual systems because everything intergrates and functions together

The volume of an animal affects the rate at which it can use nutrients and produce heat as waste products. The surface area affects the rate at which things can diffuse into the animals body like glucose co2

As cell length gets bigger the volume gets bigger relative to the surface area because SA of a cube = 6l^2 and volume = l^3

Metabolic rate is the overall energy consumption of an individual while basal metabolic rate is the oxygen consumption while at rest and is measured in O ml/ g of body mass /hr As weight increases, the BMR goes down, meaning the energy each gram of body mass decreases as the organism grows which is why a mouse has a higher bmr than an elephant. if this wasn't the case, the surface area wouldn't be big enough to keep up with the demands of consumption

When the organism reached adult hood it's mass multiplied by 1million making it's volume so big that breating through the skin was not sufficient so gills formed because they provide a larger surface area relative to volume

Flattening - thin epithelial cells called gill lamellae folding - surface area is folded in the digestive tract, extending from this fold are villi (top of a cactus ) branching - branched capillaries increase the SA:V of the tissue

Conformational homestasis is when the organism conforms to the external enviornment i.e a cod fish body temperature matches the ocean it's in regulatory homeostasis is when the internal conditions are fixed and physiological mechanisms are used to counterbalance the forces of the external enviornment 1i.e a dogs body temp is 37 whether its 60 degrees out of 0 degrees

Since epithelium tissue divides the interior and exterior parts of the body, it is responsible for maintaining an internal enviornment that is different than it's external enviornment it does this by selective uptake across it's surface to match the set points of homoestasis

When the physical and chemical conditions of the internal environment are close to the set point or target range.

1. sensor - structure that records the internal and external conditions (never changes) 2. integrator - decides whether a response is needed to achieve homoeostasis based on stimili from the sensor (never changes) 3. effector - any physical structure that helps restore homeostasis by physiological or behavioral change Negative feedback refers to the fact that when it is decided that a response is needed, an effector can either reduce or oppose the internal enviornment i.e if it's too hot reduce if it's too cold oppose

1. conduction - solid to solid direct heat transfer concrete + animal 2. convection - special type of conduction that involves direct contact between a liquid and a solid i.e wind carrying water + animal radiation - indirect heat transfer i.e animal and the sun evaporation - liquid to gas

thermoregulation is the process by which an animal controls their temperature there is endothermy in which an animal produces it's own heat. The advantages to this is they have a very high Bmr, more active, have heat retaining structures like feathers and are more active. Less able to survive with low amount of food due to metabolic needs ectodermy is an organism that relies on it's external enviornment for heat. the advantages are that ectoderms can survive with very little food due to their low metabolic needs (low bmr) Since ectoderms are reliant on the external enviornment, when temperatures are really low, digestion and other key fucntions are very slow

A homoderm is an animal that keeps a constant body temp while a heteroderm is one that can handle variation in termerature. It's important to note that these are the extremes and most animals lie in the middle ona continuum just as for ectoderm and endoderm

Since small mammals have a really high SA:V, they are more prone to heat loss. To counteract this, they can lower their body temp and metabolic rate in a state called tarpor, if tarpor persists for 2 weeks it's known as hibernation

a heat shock protein activates when temperature is too high and speeds up refolding of proteins to restore homeostasis

1. feedback systems are redundant because there are several ways to change a parameter 2. feedback systems work in antagonistic pairs meaning one effector corresponds to an icnrease in the parameter and one feedback system corresponds to a decrease in the parameter 3. sensor and intergrators are constant so feedbacksystems are constantly making slight adjustments to reach homeostasis

Heat added blood vessels dialate increasing blood flow, heat loss as a result 2. sweat glands activate to release heat 3. respiroary system activated heavy breating cold added 1. blood vesses restrict decreasing blood blow increasing heat 2. shivering generates heat in the muscles 3. stimulates cellular respiration

Because water is a great heat conductor (mover) so temperature is always changing . Air is a poor heat conductor thus insulating the heat allowing the

It is a mechanism used to conserve heat. An example is the gray while tongue. Anti parrell tubes run, one with arteries brining oxygenated warm blood from the body core and one with veins bringing cold blood to the body core. These differenes in termperature along the length of the tubes results in a gradient that exchanges heat . 22 23

In countercurrent exchange, the longer the system, the more small differences along the length of the system, the larger the difference between the starting point and end point creating a bigger gradient cocurrent exchange is parrell lines where large gradients dissapate