question

Biodiversity

answer

broad term used to describe the diversity in genes, species or ecosystems.

question

When is biodiversity lost?

answer

It is lost when populations are greatly reduced in size, when a species becomes extinct, or when ecosystems are destroyed or greatly modified.

question

Extinction

answer

death of a species - the elimination of all the individuals of a particular kind.

question

Complete extinction

answer

occurs when all the individuals of a species are eliminated.

question

Local extinction

answer

Extinction within an spacific area, not as final as complete extinction, indicates the future of the species is not encouraging.

question

Most likely to become extinct

answer

Low population density, found in small area, specialized niche, and low reproductive rates.

question

Least likely to become extinct.

answer

High population density, found over large area, generalized niche, and high reproductive rates.

question

Genetic diversity

answer

term used to describe the number of different kinds of genes present in a population or species.

question

Influences in genetic diversity

answer

Mutations, Migrations, Sexual reproduction, Population size, and Selective breeding.

question

Mutations

answer

are changes in the genetic information of an organism.

question

Migrations

answer

when individuals of a species from one population to another is also an important way to alter the genetic diversity of a population.

question

Sexual reproduction

answer

it does not create new genetic information, it tends to generate new individuals mixes during fertilization, generating a unique individual.

question

Population size

answer

The smaller the population, the less genetic diversity it can contain and the fewer the variations in the genes for specific characteristics.

question

Selective breeding

answer

Domesticated plants and animals have been modified over many generations by our choosing certain desired characteristics. Undesirable characteristics were eliminated and desirable ones selected for . Can not survive in the wild.

question

Species diversity

answer

measure of the number of different species present in an area; species should have more diversity to survive.

question

Factors that affect species diversity

answer

Geological and evolutionary history, Migration, Size of area, and Human activity.

question

Ecosystem diversity

answer

is a measure of the number of ecosystems present in an area.

question

Bio and eco services values

answer

Nutrient cycling, Cultural uses, Water regulation and supply, Erosion control, Water treatment, Food and raw materials, Atmosphere and climate service, Recreation, Biological control service, Pollution service, Habitat/refuge, Genetic resources, and Soil formation

question

What is the value of Biodiversity?

answer

Plant cover stops erosion, medicines are made from plants, plants clean the air...

question

Value to eco services

answer

$33 trillion

question

Over exploitation

answer

this occurs when humans harvest organisms faster than the organisms are able to reproduce. Pet trade...

question

What are some forestry options?

answer

Clear cutting, Patch work clear cutting, Selective harvesting, and Rangeland and grazing.

question

Clear cutting

answer

all trees in large area removed.

question

Patch work clear cutting

answer

smaller areas are clear cut among patches of untouched forest.

question

Selective harvesting

answer

take individual high dollar mature trees without disrupting eco system.

question

Rangeland and grazing

answer

take away the plant life

question

Name three ways humans directly alter ecosystems.

answer

We change ecosystems by replacing them with agricultural ecosystems, we alter species mixtures by introducing plants and animals, and we reduce populations by harvesting trees and animals for our use.

question

Why is the impact of humans greater today than at any time in the past?

answer

The impact of humans is greater today because the population is greater than it has ever been, and our technology is more harmful to the environment.

question

List three problems associated with forest exploitation.

answer

Problems associated with forest exploitation are exposure of soil to increased erosion, loss of animal habitat and biodiversity, stream-bank, stream siltation, increased water temperature, and a loss of scenery.

question

What is desertification? What cause it?

answer

Desertification is the process of converting arid and semiarid land to desert because of improper use by humans. It is caused by overgrazing, unsuccessful farming practices, and removal of vegetation for fuelwood.

question

What is extinction, and why does it occur?

answer

Extinction is the death of a species or the elimination of all the individuals of a particular kind. Natural extinction can occur in areas where there is a low population density, and small habitat area, a specialized niche, and low reproductive rates, Human-accelerated extinctions occur wherever humans become the dominant organism.

question

Give examples of ecosystem services.

answer

Production of food and raw materials, Soil formation, Recreation, Nutrient cycling and waste treatment, Water services, Climate regulation, Refuges for biodiversity, Disturbance regulation and erosion control, Genetic resources, Atmospheric gas balance, and Pollination and pest control.

question

List three actions that can be taken to prevent extinction.

answer

Actions that can be taken to prevent extinctions include legislation to protect species that are in danger of becoming extinct, the preservation of the habitat required by the endangered species, and education of the local population about the need to protect endangered species.

question

Biodiversity is a broad term that describes the diversity of ______ in a region

answer

Species

question

Species diversity is the

answer

measure of the number of different species in an area.

question

According to the World Conservation Union, the majority of threatened species are at risk due to

answer

loss of habitat and fragmentation.

question

Patchwork clear cutting is a less environmentally-friendly method of timber harvesting than clear cutting.

answer

False

question

Most species that exist or have existed on Earth are now extinct.

answer

True

question

The value of biodiversity does not include direct economic value.

answer

False

question

Humans do not significantly modify natural ecosystems.

answer

False

question

Over the past hundred years, humans have decreased the species extinction rate.

answer

False

question

The Endangered Species Act

answer

gave the government power to use whatever measures necessary to stop the extinction of species.

question

Changes in the genetic information of an organism is known as

answer

mutation.

question

Genetic diversity of a population can be affected by

answer

migration. sexual reproduction. population size.

question

Selective breeding has no affect on genetic diversity.

answer

False

question

Most large urban centers in the U.S. are located

answer

on water.

question

Urban sprawl is best defined as

answer

commercial development outside of cities on previously undeveloped land.

question

Europe has better urban mass transit systems than the U.S.

answer

true

question

Reliance on the automobile in urban U.S. has caused significant pollution of

answer

air

question

Waterways have always been important to shaping land use for humans.

answer

true

question

Loss of farmland can result from unplanned urban growth.

answer

true

question

Floodplains and wetlands have historically been managed properly by humans.

answer

false

question

Almost all population growth in the next _____ years will be concentrated in urban areas.

answer

30

question

Sprawl impacts our quality of life by

answer

increasing commuting times and costs.

question

Sprawl can impact the environment by causing fragmentation of open space and wildlife habitat.

answer

true

question

Land-use planning is the construction of an orderly list of priorities for the use of available land.

answer

true

question

In the U.S., environmental clean-up of Brownfield sites is overseen by the EPA.

answer

true

question

The Green Revolution, is a term coined for world-wide increases in agricultural production that occurred in

answer

1950-1970.

question

Common ingredients in chemical fertilizers, often referred to as macronutrients normally include

answer

nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

question

Organophosphates and carbamates were developed to replace chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides because they are

answer

less persistent in the environment

question

Currently, the use of pesticides is greatest in the more-developed world.

answer

true

question

In order for food to be classified as Organic Food, the farmer

answer

cannot use genetically modified organisms, chemical fertilizers or synthetic pesticides.

question

Agricultural chemical use includes insecticides and herbicides

answer

true

question

Monoculture requires large areas of land to be planted with the same crop because

answer

harvesting is more efficient. planting is more efficient. cultivation is more efficient.

question

Following the rapid advance of modern agriculture in developed countries,

answer

developing countries have increased use of chemical pesticides.

question

Many companies are starting to recognize the value of environmental __________ to their long-term business success.

answer

conservation

question

Over the past decade there has been a lack of interest in sustainable agriculture

answer

false

question

Fertile soils have a balanced mix of minerals, organic matter, micronutrients and macronutrients.

answer

true

question

Beneficial organisms can be used to control pests.

answer

true

question

Describe three factors that influence the genetic diversity of a population.

answer

Mutations, Migration, selective breeding, population size, and sexual reproduction

question

Describe three major causes of he loss of biodiversity.

answer

Habitat loss due to agriculture, urban development, logging, and other activities. over-exploitation of fish, wildlife, and forestry resources. Introduction of exotic species that reduces or eliminate native species. Campaigns against organisms considered to be pests

question

What are the major causes of biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems?

answer

over-exploitation by fishers, Destructive harvesting practices such as trawls

question

List Three problems associated with forest exploitation

answer

Problems associated with forest exploitation are exposure of soil to increased erosion, loss of animal habitat and biodiversity, stream-bank, stream siltation, increased water temperature, and a loss of scenery.

question

What is desertification? what causes it?

answer

Desertification is the process of converting arid and semiarid land to desert because of improper use by humans. it is caused by overgrazing, unsuccessful farming practices, and removal of vegetation for fuel wood.

question

List Three key components of the convention on biological Diversity (biodiversity treaty)

answer

Develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Identify components of biological diversity important for its conservation Monitor biological diversity identify activities, which have adverse impacts on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Identify activities, which have adverse impacts on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Establish a system of protected areas Rehabilitate and restore degraded ecosystems and promote the recovery of threatened species. Develop or maintain necessary legislation for the protection of threatened species and populations. Integrate consideration of the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources into national decision-making.

question

List six techniques utilized by wildlife managers

answer

Six techniques used by wildlife managers include game and habitat analysis, population censuses methods, stocking areas with game species, predator control. establishing refuges, and habitat management.

question

What special problems are associate with waterfowl management?

answer

Special problems associated with waterfowl management include protection of summer nesting areas, prevention of pond and lake drainage, the development of refuges as havens form hunters, and the protection of food and sheltering the overwintering areas.

question

What is extinction, and why does it occur?

answer

extinction is the death of a species or the elimination of all the individuals of a particular kind. Natural extinction can occur in areas where there is a low population density, a small habitat area, a specialized niche,and low reproductive rates. Humans-accelerated extinctions occur wherever humans become the dominate organisms

question

List examples of ecosystem services provided by biological resources

answer

Production of food and raw materials -soil formation recreation -Nutrient cycling and waste treatment -water services climate regulation and erosion control -generic resources atmospheric gas balance -Pollination and pest control

question

List three actions that can be taken to prevent extinctions

answer

Actions that can be taken to prevent extinction include legislation to protect species that are in danger of becoming extinct, the preservation of he habitat required by the endangered species, and education of he local population about the need to protect endangered species.

question

List three reasons why land-use planning is necessary

answer

land and neighboring resourses are nonrenewable and humans depend on those resources (such as water and soil) for survival. As well as the an area's geographical location can pose threats to unplanned development (such as floods, earthquakes ,etc)

question

Why did urban centers develop near waterways?

answer

they needed a mean of transportation, drinking water, and waste disposal. They are still located on waterways, but the roads and railway systems have also allowed cities to develop off waterways.

question

List three factors that encouraged people to move from rural farms to cities in the 1800s

answer

People move from rural areas in the 1800s because the need for farm labor decreased and industrial jobs were available in the cities., Additionally, cities offered greater variety in cultural social and artist attractions.

question

List three factors that encouraged people to leave the cites for suburbs

answer

industrial pollution and urban crowding turned the core of many cities into undesirable living areas. Also, the development of automobiles and improved roadways enabled people to travel more easily form their homes in suburbia to their jobs in the city.

question

List three physical and three social consequences of suburban sprawl

answer

loss of farm and natural land, increase in air pollution due to he dependence of the automobile of transportation, and increase in energy use. the social consequences of urban sprawl are loss of sense of community, decay of city centers and loss of open space

question

Describe tract development, ribbon sprawl, and leapfrog development.

answer

the building of similar residence structures in a large space. often these tracts are separated b farmland or open space which is called lead frog development. Ribbon Sprawl is when commercial and industrial buildings line the major highways

question

What is a Megalopolis?

answer

the development of one large urban area as the result of several cities growing together

question

Describe how each of the following factors contributed to the development of suburban sprawl: automobiles, home ownerships, tax laws, local zoning ordinances, federal government policies

answer

The automobile gives people a transportation method to more further from their jobs and the encouragement of home ownerships including tax laws and government policies increased demand for single family homes in the suburbs. additionally until recently little attention was placed on planning for rapid growth.

question

State three consequences of the dominance of the automobile as a means of transport in urban areas.

answer

The dominance of the automobile does have negative consequences including more time spent in traffic, increases funds spent on roads, and loss of green space.

question

What characteristics of suburbs contribute to a loss of sense of community?

answer

suburbs are mostly designed form the auto transportation therefore do not have sidewalks, bike paths, green space, etc. where one cold meet and talk to neighbors, additional, services centralized and must be reached by car therefore there are no neighbor post offices, shops

question

what characteristics of suburbs contribute to high infrastructure and high energy costs?

answer

suburbs have high infrastructure and high energy cost because transportation by automobile is not very energy efficient as well as single family large homes require more energy to maintain that multifamily city units.

question

How does the development of suburbs around a city contribute to loss of open space, and air and water pollution problems?

answer

Unplanned suburban growth does not always take into account the need for parks and open space for recreation. Dependence of the automobile increases non-point air pollution and the impervious surface needed to support auto transportation increases storm water runoff that fills waterways with pollutants.

question

What land uses are suitable on floodplains?

answer

land uses suitable for floodplains include agriculture, recreation and wildlife refuges.

question

Describe three values provided by wetlands

answer

wetlands provide a nursery for many commercially important fish and shellfish, they also act as a sponge to filter nutrients from stromwater runoff and they provide safe areas for flood waters and storm surges

question

Why is an understanding of the geology and resource base of an area important in land-use planning?

answer

to determine the uses of an area that does not cause major damage to property or loss of life

question

List eight principles that should be involved in good land-use planning

answer

Evaluate unique geologic or biologic features of the land, preserve cultural and historical features conserve open space and environmental features, recognize the cost of altered land use, plan for mixed use, plan for transportation options, mange growth by setting limits, and encourage development in already developed areas.

question

What role do state and regional panning, purchasing of land, and use restrictions play in implementing land-use plans?

answer

State and national zoning can protect areas that cross local and state borders like waterways and provide limitations on development in sensitive areas. Local governments, environmental groups, etc. can purchase land to protect or use as green space and zoning officials can limit uses of land.

question

Describe three common land-use issues cities must deal with.

answer

cities must deal with transportation, open and recreation spaces, and inner city decay.

question

List ten common smart growth principles

answer

preserve open space, encourage development of existing urban areas, se compact building design, create a variety of house choices, foster distinctive neighborhoods, mix land use, create walkable neighborhoods, provide a variety of transportation methods, encourage community collaboration, and make decision fair and cost-effective

question

List for major federal agencies that manage federal lands and their primary responsibilities

answer

Forest service; management of tree harvesting and recreation al uses, National Park Service; preservation of land, US Fish and Wildlife ; preservation of land, and Bureau of Land Management; leasing to farmers and miners

question

Give examples of conflict over the use of federally owned property

answer

Conflict often happens over preservation versus recreation on public lands

question

How does the practice of shifting agriculture provide nutrients for the growth of agricultural products?

answer

Shifting agriculture uses the natural nutrients in the soil

question

what is abandonment of fields important in a shifting agriculture system?

answer

Shifting or slash and burn agriculture requires farmers to move their gardens and abandon land to allow to fallow or regenerate nutrients.

question

List conditions that make labor-intensive farming necessary

answer

Better soils and sources of labor are needed practice intensive agriculture

question

How were the invention of machines and the development of monoculture linked?

answer

Machines work best when a field is the same crop therefore mechanization leads to monoculture.

question

Why are fertilizers used? what problems are caused by fertilizer

answer

Fertilizers are used in mechanized farming because the lack of crop rotation depletes certain essential soil nutrients. A problem associated with fertilizer use is increased nutrients in waterways which lead to increased aquatic plant growth.

question

List three advantages and three disadvantages of large-scale mechanized monoculture

answer

Adv: increase production of food, less labor intensive, and reduce price of food Disav: energy expensive, impacts o ecosystem by pesticides and fertilizers, and loss of genetic diversity.

question

What are micronutrients? How do they differ from macronutrients?

answer

Macronutrients are needed by plants in large amounts and are in main ingredients in commercial fertilizers whereas micronutrients are needed in trace amounts

question

list two functions of soil organic matter

answer

Soil organic matter provides nutrient to plants and reduces soil erosion

question

Describe why pesticides are commonly used in mechanized agriculture.

answer

Pesticides are used to control pests that would otherwise destroy the crop. They are also relatively cheap and easy to spread.

question

How do persistent and nonpersistent pesticides differ?

answer

Persistent pesticides are stable chemical compounds that long-lasting in the environment. they can be applied once and be effective for a long time, but tend to accumulate in the soil and in nontarget animals. Nonpersistent pesticides decompose to harmless products in a few house or days and do not accumulate in the environment. They are disadvantageous because they require more applications

question

What is biomagnification? what problems does it cause?

answer

Biomagnification is the phenomenon of acquiring increasing levels of a substance in the bodies of higher trophic-level organisms.

question

Describe how some populations of pests become resistant to pesticides?

answer

Pest can become resistant to pesticides by natural selection. There are examples of insects that develop the adaption to breakdown pesticide chemicals so they can survive and reproduce ultimately leading to population of pesticide resistant insects.

question

how do sustainable farming practices differ from conventional mechanized monoculture?

answer

Sustainable farming differences form conventional methods and they strive to conserve water and soil, reduce the use of commercial pesticides and fertilizers, promote biodiversity, and sustain quality of life of farmers and their families

question

Explain why a complete knowledge of the biology of a pest is important in using integrated pest management

answer

understanding the biology of the pest can lead to nonchemical methods for controlling that pest

question

Describe three techniques used to control pests that do not involve the use of pesticides

answer

Nonchemical pest control include the use of natural predators or parasites, the development of resistant crops, the use of natural pesticides, the modification of farming practices, and the use of sex attractants

question

how is a genetically modified organism different from other organisms?

answer

A section of DNA is modified or replaced in genetically modified organism (GMO)

question

What characteristics have been introduced into insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant genetically modified crops?

answer

Herbicide resistant plants have had DNA inserted that makes them resistance to herbicides and insect resistant plants have DNA inserted that cause insects to die that eat it.

question

List three reasons many sustainable farms are small family enterprises?

answer

Sustainable farms are often small family farms because the entire family unit can participate in the economic activity and small family farm have more variety of crops that they can sell directly to the consumer.

question

What does a red-cockaded woodpecker need that it cannot get from a well-managed forest plantation?

answer

old, diseased, living trees for nests

question

Over the past few hundred years, humans have increased the species extinction rate by as much as

answer

1000 times

question

Complete extinction occurs when

answer

all individuals of a species are eliminated.

question

What invasive species is an external parasite of lake trout and decimated populations for more than 20 years?

answer

lamprey

question

Sport hunting seasons are regulated to the fall so that

answer

surplus animals are taken before the challenges of winter.

question

What does it mean when an area is designated as wilderness?

answer

Human activity is severely restricted.

question

Urban sprawl is best defined as

answer

commercial development outside of cities on previously undeveloped land.

question

Since 1940, the use of mass transit in North America has

answer

declined

question

An example of a local growth management action would be

answer

to establish growth limits by restricting building permits.

question

Early towns were usually built

answer

near rivers, lakes, and oceans.

question

The Green Revolution refers to

answer

the introduction of new plant varieties and farming methods during the 1950's and 1960's.

question

Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with pesticides?

answer

increased soil erosion

question

Organophosphates and carbamates were developed to replace chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides because they are

answer

less persistent in the environment

question

A genetically modified organism has had one or more

answer

genes altered.

question

What Percentage of U.S federal recreational lands is designated as wilderness?

answer

10

question

Organically grown" is a legally defined term which requires that

answer

prohibits the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers organic farms must increase soil fertility. organic farms be certified.

BIO 160 Chapters 11, 12, 14 – Flashcards

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