question

Which of the following can regulate protein expression in a cell? A. mRNA degredation B. Protein degredation C. RNA processing

answer

All of the above

question

Alternative RNA splicing allows for:

answer

Different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript

question

An operon may consist of which of the following: A. Promoter B. Genes C. Regulatory gene

answer

A & B: A promotor and genes

question

What is a protein produced by a regulatory gene?

answer

A repressor

question

For a repressible operon to be transcribed, which of the following must occur?

answer

RNA polymerase must bind to the promoter and the repressor must be absent

question

Enhancers are ___ control elements

answer

Distal

question

Steroid receptors produce their effects by:

answer

Binding to intracellular receptors and promoting transcription

question

Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histoacetylation are all examples of:

answer

Epigenic phenomena

question

Catabolite activator protein (CAP) is activated by:

answer

cAMP

question

\"In situ\" hybridization can be used to:

answer

See mRNA expressed in different parts of an organism

question

Which of the following controls pattern formation? A. Biocoid B. Homeotic genes C. Introns

answer

B. Homeotic genes

question

The target host of a virus is determined by:

answer

Proteins on the surface of the virus and on the surface of the host

question

Which of the following are sources of developmental information: A. Cytoplasmic determinants B. Induction by nearby cells through signaling molecules C. Albumin concentration

answer

A & B: Cytoplasmic determinants and induction by nearby cells through signaling molecules

question

Which virus has a genome that encodes for reverse transcriptase?

answer

Retrovirus

question

A stem cell can divide into: A. A stem cell and a precursor cell B. Two stem cells C. Two precursor cells

answer

All of the above

question

The bicoid gene expressed in Drosophila proves information about:

answer

The anterior-posterior axis

question

A proto-oncogene:

answer

Normally codes for proteins involved in cell growth and division

question

The membrane envelope of an influenza virus arises from:

answer

The plasma membrane

question

A mutation that affects a fundamental developmental process is called an:

answer

Embryonic lethal mutation

question

Another term for programmed cell death is:

answer

Apoptosis

question

The first cloned cat, Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why?

answer

X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns

question

Describe the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage.

answer

The phage genome replicates along with the host genome

question

The fact that plants can be cloned from somatic cells demonstrates that:

answer

Differentiated cells retain all the genes of the zygote

question

The cancer-causing forms of the Ras protein are involved in which of the following processes? A. Relaying a signal from a growth factor receptor B. Cell-cell adhesion C. DNA replication D. Cell division E. DNA repair

answer

A. Relaying a signal from a growth factor receptor

question

A microarray known as a GeneChip, with most of the human protein-coding genetic sequences, has been developed to aid in the study of human cancer by first comparing two to three subsets of cancer subtypes. What kind of information might be gleaned from this GeneChip to aid in cancer prevention?

answer

Data that could alert patients to what kind of cancer they were likely to acquire

question

Two potential devices that eukaryotic cells use to regulate transcription are:

answer

DNA methylation and histone acetylation

question

Which types of viruses include capsids?

answer

The three major types: spherical, helical, polyhedral, and complex viruses.

question

Which types of viruses include glycoproteins?

answer

Polyhedral and spherical

question

Which of the following accounts for someone who has had a herpesvirus-mediated cold sore or genital cold sore getting flare-ups for the rest of his or her life? A. Re-infection by a closely related herpesvirus of a different strain B. Co-infection with an unrelated virus that causes the same symptoms C. Copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei D. Re-infection by the same herpesvirus strain E. Copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host cell cytoplasm

answer

C. Copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei

question

The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is:

answer

Turned off whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium

question

Why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation?

answer

Replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading and repair mechanisms

question

What is considered to be the first evidence of differentiation in the cells of an embryo?

answer

The occurrence of mRNAs for the production of tissue-specific proteins

question

Emerging viruses arise by: A. The spread of existing viruses to new host species B. The spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species C. Mutation of existing viruses

answer

All of the above

question

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retrovirus?

answer

It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis

question

Forms of the Ras protein found in tumors usually cause which of the following? A. Cell division to cease B. DNA replication to be hyperactive C. DNA replication to stop D. Growth factor signaling to be hyperactive E. Cell-to-cell adhesion to be nonfunctional

answer

D. Growth factor signaling to be hyperactive

question

Why might the cricket genome have 11 times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila?

answer

Crickets must have more noncoding DNA

question

Gene expression might be altered at the level of post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes rather than prokaryotes because of what?

answer

Eukaryotic exons may be spliced in alternative patterns

question

Transcription of the structural genes in an inducible operon starts when?

answer

When the pathway's substrate is present

question

You are observing the activity of methylated DNA. You would expect it to have what effect on transcription?

answer

To have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription

question

Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? A. Independent existence B. Genetic material composed of nucleic acid C. Cell division D. Metabolism E. Ribosomes

answer

B. Genetic material composed of nucleic acid

question

Which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis?

answer

Retroviruses

question

Mutations in which of the following genes lead to transformations in the identity of entire body parts? A. Morphogens B. Inducers C. Egg-polarity genes D. Segmentation genes E. Homeotic genes

answer

E. Homeotic genes

question

What causes an increase in CAP?

answer

A decrease in glucose and an increase in cAMP

question

The lactose operon is the most likely to be transcribed when:

answer

The cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell

question

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they:

answer

Express different genes

question

The functioning of enhancers is an example of what?

answer

Transcriptional control of gene expression

question

Which one of the following techniques involves reverse transcriptase, PCR amplification, and gel electrophoresis? A. \"in situ\" hybridization B. DNA microarray assays C. Nucleic acid hybridization D. RT-PCR E. RNA interference

answer

D. RT-PCR

question

What are oncogenes?

answer

They code for proteins associated with cell growth

question

How could you represent gene density?

answer

Genes per base pairs; humans have ~20,000 genes in 2,900 Mb

question

How was Dolly the sheep cloned?

answer

The fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate

question

A multigene family is composed of:

answer

Genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication

question

What is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high mortality in its host?

answer

The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal

question

In a genome-wide expression study using a DNA microarray assay, each well is used to detect the:

answer

Expression of a specific gene by a cell

question

One of the characteristics of retrotransposons is that:

answer

They code for an enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an RNA template

question

In humans, why do the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adults do?

answer

Because of nonidentical genes that produce different versions of globins during development

question

What is the most likely explanation for the differences in the human and chimpanzee genomes?

answer

The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had 24 pairs of chromosomes, and at some point in the human lineage, two chromosomes fused end to end, providing some selective advantage

question

Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans? A. Taking antibiotics B. Taking vitamins C. Getting vaccinated D. Applying antiseptics E. Taking nucleoside analogs that inhibit transcription

answer

C. Getting vaccinated

question

The phenomenon in which RNA molecules in a cell are destroyed if they have a sequence complementary to an introduced double-stranded RNA is called:

answer

RNA interference

question

When does exon shuffling occur?

answer

During meiotic recombination

question

When new viruses are being assembled, what mediates the assembly?

answer

Nothing; they self-assemble

question

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions, including that:

answer

The number of proteins expressed be the human genome is far more than the number of its genes

question

Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for that domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental process. What would you expect about the expression of homeotic genes?

answer

Homeotic genes are selectively expressed over developmental time

question

What is the whole-genome shotgun technique for sequencing a genome?

answer

Cloning fragments from many copies of an entire chromosome, sequencing the fragments, and then ordering the sequences

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lytic cycle? A. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome B. The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generation C. Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced D. The viral genome replicates without destroying the host E. A large number of phages are released at a time

answer

E. A large number of phages are released at a time

question

What is bioinformatics?

answer

The application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

BIO 1404: Ch 15, 16, 17, & 18

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