question

Binary Fission

answer

A type of cell division in bacteria that produces two bacterial cells

question

The process of cell ___ allows for growth, repair of damaged tissues, and cell replacement

answer

division

question

What are the genetically identical chromosomal units, formed through DNA replication during the S phase and attached at a centromere called?

answer

sister chromatids

question

Chromatin as a DNA complex that resembles beans on a string. The DNA wraps around several protein molecules called ___, and each "bead" is called a ___

answer

histone, nuclesome

question

What is the function of a centromere?

answer

The attachment site of a sister chromatids

question

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis make up

answer

the cell cycle

question

At the end of mitosis and cytokinesis what is formed?

answer

two genetically identical cells

question

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell perform its usual functions?

answer

Interphase

question

What occurs during interphase?

answer

G1, S phase, DNA replication, G2

question

During which stage does the cell replicate its organelles?

answer

G1

question

A cell that does not undergo cell division is said to be in the ____ stage

answer

G0

question

Which process occurs during the S phase of interphase?

answer

DNA replication

question

During the G2 phase what occurs?

answer

Proteins required for microtubules are acquired and synthesized

question

The purpose of ___ is to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

answer

Mitosis

question

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the initial formation of spindle fibers and condensing of chromatin?

answer

Prophase

question

What cell types typically remain in the G0 phase?

answer

nerve cells

question

DNA replication occurs during the part of interphase called the ___ phase

answer

S

question

A human liver cell has ___ chromosomes after undergoing mitosis

answer

46

question

If a cell has 52 chromosomes at the start of mitosis, the two resulting daughter cells will each have ___ chromosomes

answer

52

question

The cell cycle is controlled via a system of ___

answer

checkpoints

question

In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a ____

answer

cell plate

question

What must happen correctly in order for a cell to pass through the G1 checkpoint?

answer

The DNA must be undamaged and growth signals such as growth factors must be present

question

The cell cycle control system ensures that

answer

the phases happen in order and are completed.

question

What happens during the G2 checkpoint?

answer

Verification that DNA has replicated

question

What is checked during the metaphase checkpoint?

answer

attachment of chromosomes to spindle fiber

question

Cyclin is what type of macromolecule?

answer

protein

question

What are kinases?

answer

enzymes

question

Contact inhibition is common in ____ cells

answer

normal

question

___ is characterized by nondifferentiated cells that exhibit loss of contact inhibition, uncontrolled growth, and the ability to invade tissues and metastasize.

answer

cancer

question

The development of cancer is called ____

answer

carcinogenesis

question

At the end of cell division, the cell ___ is the divider across a plant cell that marks the location for new cell walls and plasma membranes

answer

plate

question

What happens at the G2 checkpoint if the DNA is determined to be damaged after replication

answer

repairs can be initiated

question

The checkpoint that occurs during mitosis occurs between which phases?

answer

metaphase and anaphase

question

A mutation in which two genes can lead to an inactive tumor suppressor protein?

answer

-RB gene -BRCA1 gene

question

Reproduction by a single parent without the formation of gametes is called ____ reproduction

answer

asexual

question

What two things occur during cell growth or interphase?

answer

-Duplication of organelles -Replication of DNA

question

The process by which a cancer travels through the blood and lymphatic vessels and then invades new tissues is called ___.

answer

metastasis

question

What are the characteristics that are common to cancer cells?

answer

-Do not undergo apoptosis -Abnormal nuclei -Form tumors -Lack of differentiation

question

____ is the mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes are present at opposite poles and nuclear envelopes reform.

answer

Telophase

question

In animal cells, the actual division of the cytoplasm, cytokinesis, occurs as cleavage furrow forms. What kind of proteins operate to form this furrow?

answer

Actin filaments

question

____ is the mitotic phase during which the nuclear envelope disappears, the chromosomes begin to condense, become visible, and appear scattered in the cytoplasm.

answer

Prophase

question

What will result when the RAS proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene?

answer

The affected cells divide more frequently

question

The formation of new blood vessels promoted by secretions from cancer cells is called

answer

angiogensis

question

___ ___ are external signals received at a cell's plasma membrane that promote cell's division.

answer

Growth factors

question

What are kinases?

answer

Enzymes

question

The components of a nucleosome are

answer

DNA and Histones

question

Contact inhibition is common in ___ cells

answer

normal

question

The area of a cell midway between the poles, where spindle fibers overlap, is called the ____ equator

answer

spindle

question

What is the mitotic phase during which chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?

answer

metaphase

question

What happens after mitosis?

answer

Division of the cytoplasm and organelles.

question

The molecule that fluctuates in it's concentration during the cell cycle and acts as an internal signal is called a

answer

cyclin

question

Chemotherapeutic drugs interfere with what?

answer

DNA synthesis and mitotic spindle function

question

Telomeres can be rebuilt via the action of the enzyme

answer

telomerase

question

The collection of fibers that pulls sister chromatids apart during mitosis is called the

answer

spindle

question

During cell division, an array of microtubules called ___ radiates from the centrioles in the centrosome.

answer

aster

question

The breast cancer-causing genes, BRCA 1 and BRCA2, cause breast cancer because they are

answer

mutant tumor suppressor genes

question

Mitosis is the division of the cell's DNA, while ___ is the division of the rest of the cell.

answer

cytokinesis

question

The process whereby a portion of DNA breaks off of one chromosome and reattaches to another chromosome is called

answer

translocation

question

List the stages of interphase in order, beginning with the stage immediately after cytokinesis.

answer

G1 S G2

question

How many different checkpoints were discussed for the cell cycle?

answer

3

question

During DNA ___, all of the DNA within a cell is copied.

answer

replication

question

List the steps of apoptosis.

answer

1. Normal Cells 2. Cells round up and nucleus collapses 3. Chromatin condenses and DNA fragments 4. Plasma membrane blisters, blebs form 5. Cell fragments

question

What must happen correctly in order for a cell to pass the G1 checkpoint?

answer

-DNA must be undamaged -Growth signals such as growth factors must be present

question

A mutation in a proto oncogene can lead to the formation of an

answer

oncogene

question

The process of asexual reproduction known as binary fission occurs in which group of organisms?

answer

Bacteria

question

A ___ is a normal gene that can become an oncogene (cancer causing gene) through mutation

answer

proto-oncogene

question

A benign tumor is one that-

answer

is contained within a capsule and therefore cannot invade surrounding tissues.

question

What types of foods should be avoided or eaten in small amounts because they show an increased risk associated with cancer?

answer

-Processed meats -Pickled Foods -Smoked Ham

question

Sun exposure is a major risk factor in the most dangerous type of skin cancer, called

answer

melanoma

question

What is a gene that normally codes for a protein that suppresses cell division?

answer

tumor suppressor gene

question

A diet that includes vegetables from the cabbage family may reduce the risk of which types of cancers?

answer

-Respiratory Tract -Gastrointestinal

question

During which phase is DNA duplicated?

answer

S phase of interphase

question

The two types of molecules that make up chromatin are

answer

proteins and DNA

question

Prior to cell division, DNA is packaged into ____, which are then easily distributed among the two daughter cells.

answer

chromsomes

question

What is located at the tips of the chromosomes and shorten with each cell division?

answer

Telomeres

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