BIO 103 Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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Binary Fission
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A type of cell division in bacteria that produces two bacterial cells
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The process of cell ___ allows for growth, repair of damaged tissues, and cell replacement
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division
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What are the genetically identical chromosomal units, formed through DNA replication during the S phase and attached at a centromere called?
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sister chromatids
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Chromatin as a DNA complex that resembles beans on a string. The DNA wraps around several protein molecules called ___, and each "bead" is called a ___
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histone, nuclesome
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What is the function of a centromere?
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The attachment site of a sister chromatids
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Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis make up
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the cell cycle
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At the end of mitosis and cytokinesis what is formed?
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two genetically identical cells
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During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell perform its usual functions?
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Interphase
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What occurs during interphase?
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G1, S phase, DNA replication, G2
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During which stage does the cell replicate its organelles?
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G1
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A cell that does not undergo cell division is said to be in the ____ stage
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G0
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Which process occurs during the S phase of interphase?
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DNA replication
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During the G2 phase what occurs?
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Proteins required for microtubules are acquired and synthesized
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The purpose of ___ is to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.
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Mitosis
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Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the initial formation of spindle fibers and condensing of chromatin?
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Prophase
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What cell types typically remain in the G0 phase?
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nerve cells
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DNA replication occurs during the part of interphase called the ___ phase
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S
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A human liver cell has ___ chromosomes after undergoing mitosis
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46
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If a cell has 52 chromosomes at the start of mitosis, the two resulting daughter cells will each have ___ chromosomes
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52
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The cell cycle is controlled via a system of ___
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checkpoints
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In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a ____
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cell plate
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What must happen correctly in order for a cell to pass through the G1 checkpoint?
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The DNA must be undamaged and growth signals such as growth factors must be present
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The cell cycle control system ensures that
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the phases happen in order and are completed.
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What happens during the G2 checkpoint?
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Verification that DNA has replicated
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What is checked during the metaphase checkpoint?
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attachment of chromosomes to spindle fiber
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Cyclin is what type of macromolecule?
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protein
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What are kinases?
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enzymes
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Contact inhibition is common in ____ cells
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normal
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___ is characterized by nondifferentiated cells that exhibit loss of contact inhibition, uncontrolled growth, and the ability to invade tissues and metastasize.
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cancer
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The development of cancer is called ____
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carcinogenesis
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At the end of cell division, the cell ___ is the divider across a plant cell that marks the location for new cell walls and plasma membranes
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plate
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What happens at the G2 checkpoint if the DNA is determined to be damaged after replication
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repairs can be initiated
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The checkpoint that occurs during mitosis occurs between which phases?
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metaphase and anaphase
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A mutation in which two genes can lead to an inactive tumor suppressor protein?
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-RB gene -BRCA1 gene
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Reproduction by a single parent without the formation of gametes is called ____ reproduction
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asexual
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What two things occur during cell growth or interphase?
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-Duplication of organelles -Replication of DNA
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The process by which a cancer travels through the blood and lymphatic vessels and then invades new tissues is called ___.
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metastasis
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What are the characteristics that are common to cancer cells?
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-Do not undergo apoptosis -Abnormal nuclei -Form tumors -Lack of differentiation
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____ is the mitotic phase during which daughter chromosomes are present at opposite poles and nuclear envelopes reform.
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Telophase
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In animal cells, the actual division of the cytoplasm, cytokinesis, occurs as cleavage furrow forms. What kind of proteins operate to form this furrow?
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Actin filaments
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____ is the mitotic phase during which the nuclear envelope disappears, the chromosomes begin to condense, become visible, and appear scattered in the cytoplasm.
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Prophase
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What will result when the RAS proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene?
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The affected cells divide more frequently
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The formation of new blood vessels promoted by secretions from cancer cells is called
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angiogensis
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___ ___ are external signals received at a cell's plasma membrane that promote cell's division.
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Growth factors
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What are kinases?
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Enzymes
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The components of a nucleosome are
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DNA and Histones
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Contact inhibition is common in ___ cells
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normal
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The area of a cell midway between the poles, where spindle fibers overlap, is called the ____ equator
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spindle
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What is the mitotic phase during which chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?
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metaphase
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What happens after mitosis?
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Division of the cytoplasm and organelles.
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The molecule that fluctuates in it's concentration during the cell cycle and acts as an internal signal is called a
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cyclin
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Chemotherapeutic drugs interfere with what?
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DNA synthesis and mitotic spindle function
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Telomeres can be rebuilt via the action of the enzyme
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telomerase
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The collection of fibers that pulls sister chromatids apart during mitosis is called the
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spindle
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During cell division, an array of microtubules called ___ radiates from the centrioles in the centrosome.
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aster
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The breast cancer-causing genes, BRCA 1 and BRCA2, cause breast cancer because they are
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mutant tumor suppressor genes
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Mitosis is the division of the cell's DNA, while ___ is the division of the rest of the cell.
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cytokinesis
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The process whereby a portion of DNA breaks off of one chromosome and reattaches to another chromosome is called
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translocation
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List the stages of interphase in order, beginning with the stage immediately after cytokinesis.
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G1 S G2
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How many different checkpoints were discussed for the cell cycle?
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3
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During DNA ___, all of the DNA within a cell is copied.
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replication
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List the steps of apoptosis.
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1. Normal Cells 2. Cells round up and nucleus collapses 3. Chromatin condenses and DNA fragments 4. Plasma membrane blisters, blebs form 5. Cell fragments
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What must happen correctly in order for a cell to pass the G1 checkpoint?
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-DNA must be undamaged -Growth signals such as growth factors must be present
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A mutation in a proto oncogene can lead to the formation of an
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oncogene
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The process of asexual reproduction known as binary fission occurs in which group of organisms?
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Bacteria
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A ___ is a normal gene that can become an oncogene (cancer causing gene) through mutation
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proto-oncogene
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A benign tumor is one that-
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is contained within a capsule and therefore cannot invade surrounding tissues.
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What types of foods should be avoided or eaten in small amounts because they show an increased risk associated with cancer?
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-Processed meats -Pickled Foods -Smoked Ham
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Sun exposure is a major risk factor in the most dangerous type of skin cancer, called
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melanoma
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What is a gene that normally codes for a protein that suppresses cell division?
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tumor suppressor gene
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A diet that includes vegetables from the cabbage family may reduce the risk of which types of cancers?
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-Respiratory Tract -Gastrointestinal
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During which phase is DNA duplicated?
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S phase of interphase
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The two types of molecules that make up chromatin are
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proteins and DNA
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Prior to cell division, DNA is packaged into ____, which are then easily distributed among the two daughter cells.
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chromsomes
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What is located at the tips of the chromosomes and shorten with each cell division?
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Telomeres
