Bio 1, Chapter 12 DNA – Flashcards
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What does DNA replication results in? What does semi conservative mean in regards to DNA replication?
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DNA replication is considered semi conservative because it produces two DNA strands each with one new strand and one original strand
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During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CATTACGGA produces a strand with the bases
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GTAATGCCA.
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Where is DNA located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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Eukaryotes the nucleus and prokaryotes in the cytoplasm
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When does DNA replication happen?
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DNA replication happens before cell division in the S phase of interphase.
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How many copies of chromosomes are left after DNA replication?
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2
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____________adds bases to the new strand of DNA
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DNA Polymerase
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Produced images of DNA molecules using X-rays.
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Franklin
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Used X-ray diffraction to take pictures of DNA. 2nd discovery
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Franklin
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Chargaff showed that adenine and thymine were found in equal percentages in DNA, but he did not know this was because of base-pairing. First discovery
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Chargaff
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Figured out the shape of DNA was a double helix and the two strands in DNA ran in opposite directions. 3rd Discovery
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Watson and Crick
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Discovered that weak hydrogen bonds hold the bases together at the center of a strand of DNA and strong covalent bonds hold the backbone of DNA together
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Watson and Crick
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What structural problem prevents adenine from pairing with guanine and cytosine with thymine?
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Guanine and adenine would be too long. cytosine and thymine would too short.
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True or False: Rosalind Franklin contributed to the understanding of DNA by producing images of DNA molecules using X-rays.
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true
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What stores information in a cell?
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DNA
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What makes up a nucleotide of DNA?
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deoxyribose + phosphate group + a nitrogenous base such as cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine
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What happens when a piece of DNA is missing?
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Genetic information is lost
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DNA makes a good molecule for storing information because
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its bases can be joined together in any order, like the letters of the alphabet can be strung to form different words.
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In what way is DNA like a book?
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DNA has stored information, that can be copied and passed on
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In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what happened to the bacteria that had been infected by viruses that had radioactive DNA, and to the bacteria that had been infected with viruses that had been marked with radioactive proteins?
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The bacteria infected with viruses that had radioactive DNA had become radioactive. The bacteria that had been infected with viruses marked with radioactive proteins were not radioactive.
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Why did Hershey and Chase label the viral DNA with radioactive phosphorous and not radioactive sulfur?
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DNA contains phosphorus and no sulfur.
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What do bacteriophages infect?
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Bacteria
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What is inside a bacteriophage?
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Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA
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True or False : Griffith's experiments advanced the study of genetics by proving that there is a chemical that contains genetic information that can be passed from one organism to another.
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True
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What happened when Griffith injected mice with the harmless, R-strain bacteria alone?
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The mouse lived
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What would happen if Griffith took some of the bacteria from Experiment 4 in Figure 12-11, grew them on culture plates, killed them with heat, and mixed them with harmless bacteria? How could he test this hypothesis? Refer to study guide for figure.
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The harmless bacteria would be transformed into disease-causing bacteria. To test this hypothesis, he could inject the bacteria in to mice and see if the mice develop pneumonia, or he could grow them on plates and observe the colonies that grow.
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What happened to the bacteria and the mice in experiment 4, in Figure 12-11? refer to study guide for figure
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The harmless bacteria were transformed by the heat-killed bacteria, making the harmless bacteria deadly. The mice that were injected with the mixture died.
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In which experiments in Figure 12-11 do the mice live Refer to study guide for figure
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Experiment 2 and 3
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What process did Griffith identify in the series of experiments in Figure 12-11? Refer to study guide for figure.
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Bacterial transformation
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concluded that DNA was the transforming factor.
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Avery
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Griffith called the process he observed transformation because the _______ bacteria had been transformed.
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_____harmless___
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Which bacteria killed the mice in Griffith's transformation experiment?
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The live harmful bacteria (S strain) and the heat-killed, harmful bacteria mixture
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Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria.
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Transformation
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kind of virus that infects bacteria
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bacteriophage
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Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
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base pairing
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Process of copying DNA prior to cell division
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replication
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principle enzyme involved in DNA replication
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DNA Polymerase
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repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome
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telomere
