Bio 1 Cancer Biology – Flashcards
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cell division
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involves the distribution of identical DNA to two daughters
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mitosis
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one cell division resulting in two daughter cells
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meiosis
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two cell divisions, resulting in four products of meiosis
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cell cycle
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controlled by a cyclically operating set of reaction sequences that both trigger and coordinate key events in the cell
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G1, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle
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checkpoints
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cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (the cell-cycle clock)
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kinase
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- MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) - Density Dependent Inhibition - Anchorage Dependence
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other sequences
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cancer cells
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do not respond to cell-cycle controls
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cancer cells
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do not exhibit contact inhibition
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cancer cells
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exhibit irregular growth sequences
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oncogenes
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genes which are activated during cell division for specific situations; proto-oncogenes in normal and non-mutated state
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tumor-suppressor genes
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often called as anti-oncogenes; prevents or suppress tumor formation by regulating cell division
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death; initiation and execution phase
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apoptosis process
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genome of cell is broken down, the cell is fragmented into smaller pieces, and the debris is consumed by phagocytes
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phagocytes
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clean up the cell fragments from apoptosis
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Cdc14 enzymes
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help fix the defective DNA structure of a cell and the tumor suppressors, which control the cell division
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- carcinogens (smoke, cigarette, alcohol) - exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun - exposure to radiation - pollution
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environmental factors of cancer
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- weight problems - unhealthy diet - no exercise
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occupational factors of cancer
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- inherited abnormal genes - random errors in the genetic makeup during cell division
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genetic factors of cancer
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- atrophy - hypertrophy - hyperplasia - dysplasia
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morphologic changes of cells
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atrophy
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muscles are not exercised (small)
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hypertrophy
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muscles had too much exercise (big)
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hyperplasia
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increased number of cells in a particular area (callus)
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dysplasia
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cells are abnormal and can lead to cancer (different sizes)
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carcinoma in situ
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carcinoma that sticks on the epithelial layer of an organ from which it arose (in place)
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invasive carcinoma
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carcinoma that are able to transfer to different parts of the body (spreads)
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metastasis
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spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system
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angiogenesis
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"feed me" process
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- sustaining proliferative signaling - evading growth suppressors - activating invasion and metastasis - enabling replicative immortality - inducing angiogenesis - resisting cell death
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causes of gene mutation
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tumor
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abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid or fluid-filled; a kind of lumr or swelling
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neoplasm
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another term for "tumor"
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mass
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refers to a lump at least 20 mm in diameter at its widest point
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nodule
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a lump less than 20 m at its widest point
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benign tumor
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cannot metastasize (spread); non-progressive, it remains as it is. not harmful to human health
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- adenomas - fibromas - hemangiomas - lipomas
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examples of benign tumors
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premalignant tumors
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tumors that are not yet malignant, but are about to become so
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malignant tumors
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cancerous tumors; tend to become progessively worse, and can potentially result in death. they grow fast, seek out new territory, and they metastasize.
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- actinic keratosis - dysplasia of the cervix - metaplasia of the lung - leukoplakia
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exampples of premalignant tumors
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- carcinoma - sarcoma - leukemia/lymphoma - germ cell tumor - blastoma
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examples of malignant tumors
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carcinomas
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most common types of cancer; arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces
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sarcomas
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cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle
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lymphomas
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cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system
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leukemias
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cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream
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staging
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it describes the severity of a person's cancer based on the size and whether or not cancer has spread in the body
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staging
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it helps the doctor plan the appropriate treatment
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staging
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can be used in estimating a person's prognosis
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staging
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it helps health care provides and researchers exchange information about patients
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cancer summary staging
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it groups cancer cases into five main categories: in situ, localized, regional, distant, and unknown
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cancer grade
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it describes a cancer in terms of how abnormal the tumor cells are compared to normal cells
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low grade cancer
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like to grow and spread more slowly
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high grade cancer
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like to grow and spread faster
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grade 1 cancer
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the cancer cells look very similar to normal cells and are growing slowly
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grade 2 cancer
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the cells look unlike normal cells and are growing quicker than normal
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grade 3 cancer
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the cancer cells look very abnormal and are growing quickly
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GX
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it means that the grade can't be assesed; it is also called undetermined grade
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skin cancer
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the most common type of cancer; forms in skin that has been exposed to sunlight, but can occur anywhere on the body
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non-melanoma
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most common type of skin cancer
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melanoma
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more aggressive than most other types of skin cancer; only 2% of skin cancers are melanoma, but it causes most deaths from skin cancer
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breast cancer
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cancer that begins when the cells in the breast change and begin growing uncontrollably, forming a tumor
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ductal carcinom
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most common type of breast cancer; begins in the cells of the ducts
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invasive breast cancer
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breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the ducts or lobules to surrounding tissue
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colon cancer
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cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system
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rectal cancer
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cancer of the last several inches of the colon
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colorectal cancers
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colon cancer and rectal cancer; most are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids)
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prostate cancer
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most common cancer in men after skin cancer; second leading cause of death from cancer; almost all are adenocarcinomas; often has no early symptoms; usually grows very slowly
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lung cancer
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one of the most common and serious types of cancer; usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages, but eventually develop them
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- persistent coughing - coughing up blood - persistent breathlessness - unexplained tiredness and weight loss - an ache or pain when breathing or coughing
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symptoms of lung cancer
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tobacco smoking
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most common cause of lung cancer
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non-small cell lung cances
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most common type of lung cancer
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small cell lung cancer
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also called "oat cell cancer", tends to spread quickly; about 10%-15% of lung cancers are small cell
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- length of growth - location - type - extent of metastasis
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factors to consider in cancer treatment
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surgery
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the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation
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surgery
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oldest type of cancer therapy and remains an effective treatment for many types of cancer today
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- diagnosis - staging - debulking - palliation - prevention
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types of conventional surgery
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biopsy
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the only way to make a definitive diagnosis for most types of cancer
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incisional biopsy
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removal of a piece of suspicious area of examination
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excisional biopsy
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removal of the entire suspicious area, such as an unusual more or lump
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pathologist
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a doctor who specializes in evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose diseases
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palliation
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used to relieve side effects (pain, bleeding, broken bones, eating problems) caused by a tumor
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reconstruction
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an option to restore the body's appearance
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- laparoscopic surgery - laser surgery - cyrosurgery - microscopically controlled surgery - endoscopy
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types of minimally invasive surgery
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laparoscopic surgery
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the doctor performs surgery through small incisions in the skin using a thin, lighted tube with a camera
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laser surgery
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the doctor uses a narrow beam of high-intensity light to remove cancerous tissue
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cyrosurgery
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the doctor uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill abnormal cells
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microscopically controlled surgery
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the dermatologist shaves off a skin cancer, one layer at a time, until all cells in a layer appear to be normal cells when viewed under a microscope
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endoscopy
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the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the tip, called an endoscope, into an opening of the body to examine the internal organs
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chemotherapy
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the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells; prevents tumor from forming; causes damage to many growing cells, including some healthy cells
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intravenous (IV) chemotherapy
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traditional chemotherapy type, injecting drugs directly into a vein
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oral chemotherapy
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chemotherapy drugs by mouth; pill, capsule, or liquid
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injected chemotherapy
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chemotherapy as a shot, usually in a muscle, the fatty part of an arm or leg, or your belly
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intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy
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chemo drugs injected into an artery that goes directly to the cancer
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chemotherapy into the abdomen
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chemo medication placed directly in your abdomen
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topical chemotherapy
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chemo drugs in a cream you put on your skin
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radiation
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it describes the way energy moves from one place to another
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high-energy radiation
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radiation that has enough energy to change cells
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- external beam - internal radiation - intraoperative - radiosentisizers
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types of radiation therapy
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external-beam radiation therapy
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most common type of radiation treatment; delivers radiation from a machine located outside the body
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internal radiation therapy
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also known as brachytherapy, radioactive material is placed into the cancer itself or into the tissue surrounding it
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intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)
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radiation sent directly to the tumor during surgery for both external and internal radiation therapy
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radiosensitizers
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substances that help radiation better destroy tumors
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stem cell transplant
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a treatment to try to cure some types of cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma
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- autologous - allogeneic - syngeneic
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3 basic types of stem-cell transplants
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autologous
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the cells come from you
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allogeneic
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the cells come from a matched related or unrelated donor
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syngeneic
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the cells come from your identical twin or triplet
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hormone therapy
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this treatment changes the amoung of hormones in your body
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targeted therapy
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this treatment targets and disables genes or proteins found in cancer cells which they need to grow
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immunotherapy
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this treatment helps your body's natural defenses fight the cancer
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