Bio 1 Cancer Biology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
cancer
answer
a group of over 100 diseases, characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth
question
cancer cells
answer
caused by damage or change in the genetic material of cells or by environmental/internal factors
question
Greek, carcinos
answer
where "cancer" was derived from; means "crab"
question
Hippocrates
answer
the first one to use the "cancer" term to describe the disease
question
cell division
answer
involves the distribution of identical DNA to two daughters
question
mitosis
answer
one cell division resulting in two daughter cells
question
meiosis
answer
two cell divisions, resulting in four products of meiosis
question
cell cycle
answer
controlled by a cyclically operating set of reaction sequences that both trigger and coordinate key events in the cell
question
G1, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle
answer
checkpoints
question
cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (the cell-cycle clock)
answer
kinase
question
- MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) - Density Dependent Inhibition - Anchorage Dependence
answer
other sequences
question
cancer cells
answer
do not respond to cell-cycle controls
question
cancer cells
answer
do not exhibit contact inhibition
question
cancer cells
answer
exhibit irregular growth sequences
question
oncogenes
answer
genes which are activated during cell division for specific situations; proto-oncogenes in normal and non-mutated state
question
tumor-suppressor genes
answer
often called as anti-oncogenes; prevents or suppress tumor formation by regulating cell division
question
apoptosis
answer
programmed cell death; initiation and execution phase
question
apoptosis process
answer
genome of cell is broken down, the cell is fragmented into smaller pieces, and the debris is consumed by phagocytes
question
phagocytes
answer
clean up the cell fragments from apoptosis
question
Cdc14 enzymes
answer
help fix the defective DNA structure of a cell and the tumor suppressors, which control the cell division
question
- carcinogens (smoke, cigarette, alcohol) - exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun - exposure to radiation - pollution
answer
environmental factors of cancer
question
- weight problems - unhealthy diet - no exercise
answer
occupational factors of cancer
question
- inherited abnormal genes - random errors in the genetic makeup during cell division
answer
genetic factors of cancer
question
- atrophy - hypertrophy - hyperplasia - dysplasia
answer
morphologic changes of cells
question
atrophy
answer
muscles are not exercised (small)
question
hypertrophy
answer
muscles had too much exercise (big)
question
hyperplasia
answer
increased number of cells in a particular area (callus)
question
dysplasia
answer
cells are abnormal and can lead to cancer (different sizes)
question
carcinoma in situ
answer
carcinoma that sticks on the epithelial layer of an organ from which it arose (in place)
question
invasive carcinoma
answer
carcinoma that are able to transfer to different parts of the body (spreads)
question
metastasis
answer
spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system
question
angiogenesis
answer
"feed me" process
question
- sustaining proliferative signaling - evading growth suppressors - activating invasion and metastasis - enabling replicative immortality - inducing angiogenesis - resisting cell death
answer
causes of gene mutation
question
tumor
answer
abnormal mass of tissue which may be solid or fluid-filled; a kind of lumr or swelling
question
neoplasm
answer
another term for "tumor"
question
mass
answer
refers to a lump at least 20 mm in diameter at its widest point
question
nodule
answer
a lump less than 20 m at its widest point
question
benign tumor
answer
cannot metastasize (spread); non-progressive, it remains as it is. not harmful to human health
question
- adenomas - fibromas - hemangiomas - lipomas
answer
examples of benign tumors
question
premalignant tumors
answer
tumors that are not yet malignant, but are about to become so
question
malignant tumors
answer
cancerous tumors; tend to become progessively worse, and can potentially result in death. they grow fast, seek out new territory, and they metastasize.
question
- actinic keratosis - dysplasia of the cervix - metaplasia of the lung - leukoplakia
answer
exampples of premalignant tumors
question
- carcinoma - sarcoma - leukemia/lymphoma - germ cell tumor - blastoma
answer
examples of malignant tumors
question
carcinomas
answer
most common types of cancer; arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces
question
sarcomas
answer
cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle
question
lymphomas
answer
cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system
question
leukemias
answer
cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream
question
staging
answer
it describes the severity of a person's cancer based on the size and whether or not cancer has spread in the body
question
staging
answer
it helps the doctor plan the appropriate treatment
question
staging
answer
can be used in estimating a person's prognosis
question
staging
answer
it helps health care provides and researchers exchange information about patients
question
cancer summary staging
answer
it groups cancer cases into five main categories: in situ, localized, regional, distant, and unknown
question
cancer grade
answer
it describes a cancer in terms of how abnormal the tumor cells are compared to normal cells
question
low grade cancer
answer
like to grow and spread more slowly
question
high grade cancer
answer
like to grow and spread faster
question
grade 1 cancer
answer
the cancer cells look very similar to normal cells and are growing slowly
question
grade 2 cancer
answer
the cells look unlike normal cells and are growing quicker than normal
question
grade 3 cancer
answer
the cancer cells look very abnormal and are growing quickly
question
GX
answer
it means that the grade can't be assesed; it is also called undetermined grade
question
skin cancer
answer
the most common type of cancer; forms in skin that has been exposed to sunlight, but can occur anywhere on the body
question
non-melanoma
answer
most common type of skin cancer
question
melanoma
answer
more aggressive than most other types of skin cancer; only 2% of skin cancers are melanoma, but it causes most deaths from skin cancer
question
breast cancer
answer
cancer that begins when the cells in the breast change and begin growing uncontrollably, forming a tumor
question
ductal carcinom
answer
most common type of breast cancer; begins in the cells of the ducts
question
invasive breast cancer
answer
breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the ducts or lobules to surrounding tissue
question
colon cancer
answer
cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system
question
rectal cancer
answer
cancer of the last several inches of the colon
question
colorectal cancers
answer
colon cancer and rectal cancer; most are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids)
question
prostate cancer
answer
most common cancer in men after skin cancer; second leading cause of death from cancer; almost all are adenocarcinomas; often has no early symptoms; usually grows very slowly
question
lung cancer
answer
one of the most common and serious types of cancer; usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages, but eventually develop them
question
- persistent coughing - coughing up blood - persistent breathlessness - unexplained tiredness and weight loss - an ache or pain when breathing or coughing
answer
symptoms of lung cancer
question
tobacco smoking
answer
most common cause of lung cancer
question
non-small cell lung cances
answer
most common type of lung cancer
question
small cell lung cancer
answer
also called "oat cell cancer", tends to spread quickly; about 10%-15% of lung cancers are small cell
question
- length of growth - location - type - extent of metastasis
answer
factors to consider in cancer treatment
question
surgery
answer
the removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation
question
surgery
answer
oldest type of cancer therapy and remains an effective treatment for many types of cancer today
question
- diagnosis - staging - debulking - palliation - prevention
answer
types of conventional surgery
question
biopsy
answer
the only way to make a definitive diagnosis for most types of cancer
question
incisional biopsy
answer
removal of a piece of suspicious area of examination
question
excisional biopsy
answer
removal of the entire suspicious area, such as an unusual more or lump
question
pathologist
answer
a doctor who specializes in evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose diseases
question
palliation
answer
used to relieve side effects (pain, bleeding, broken bones, eating problems) caused by a tumor
question
reconstruction
answer
an option to restore the body's appearance
question
- laparoscopic surgery - laser surgery - cyrosurgery - microscopically controlled surgery - endoscopy
answer
types of minimally invasive surgery
question
laparoscopic surgery
answer
the doctor performs surgery through small incisions in the skin using a thin, lighted tube with a camera
question
laser surgery
answer
the doctor uses a narrow beam of high-intensity light to remove cancerous tissue
question
cyrosurgery
answer
the doctor uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill abnormal cells
question
microscopically controlled surgery
answer
the dermatologist shaves off a skin cancer, one layer at a time, until all cells in a layer appear to be normal cells when viewed under a microscope
question
endoscopy
answer
the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the tip, called an endoscope, into an opening of the body to examine the internal organs
question
chemotherapy
answer
the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells; prevents tumor from forming; causes damage to many growing cells, including some healthy cells
question
intravenous (IV) chemotherapy
answer
traditional chemotherapy type, injecting drugs directly into a vein
question
oral chemotherapy
answer
chemotherapy drugs by mouth; pill, capsule, or liquid
question
injected chemotherapy
answer
chemotherapy as a shot, usually in a muscle, the fatty part of an arm or leg, or your belly
question
intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy
answer
chemo drugs injected into an artery that goes directly to the cancer
question
chemotherapy into the abdomen
answer
chemo medication placed directly in your abdomen
question
topical chemotherapy
answer
chemo drugs in a cream you put on your skin
question
radiation
answer
it describes the way energy moves from one place to another
question
high-energy radiation
answer
radiation that has enough energy to change cells
question
- external beam - internal radiation - intraoperative - radiosentisizers
answer
types of radiation therapy
question
external-beam radiation therapy
answer
most common type of radiation treatment; delivers radiation from a machine located outside the body
question
internal radiation therapy
answer
also known as brachytherapy, radioactive material is placed into the cancer itself or into the tissue surrounding it
question
intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)
answer
radiation sent directly to the tumor during surgery for both external and internal radiation therapy
question
radiosensitizers
answer
substances that help radiation better destroy tumors
question
stem cell transplant
answer
a treatment to try to cure some types of cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma
question
- autologous - allogeneic - syngeneic
answer
3 basic types of stem-cell transplants
question
autologous
answer
the cells come from you
question
allogeneic
answer
the cells come from a matched related or unrelated donor
question
syngeneic
answer
the cells come from your identical twin or triplet
question
hormone therapy
answer
this treatment changes the amoung of hormones in your body
question
targeted therapy
answer
this treatment targets and disables genes or proteins found in cancer cells which they need to grow
question
immunotherapy
answer
this treatment helps your body's natural defenses fight the cancer
