Bacteriology/Mycology – Flashcards
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| What is the standard incubation temperature for bacteria? |
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| 37 C |
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| At what temperature are plasmids inactivated? |
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| 60 C |
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| What temperature kills most bacteria? |
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| 80-90 C |
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| Do Koch's postulates apply to all diseases? |
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| No |
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| What is the term for the asymptomatic state of a disease, for example TB? |
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| Carrier State |
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| What is necessary to see bacteria properly in light microscopy? |
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| Oil immersion |
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| Is Staphylococcus aureus Gr - or +? |
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| Gr + |
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| In vet med, most cocci are _____. |
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| Gr + |
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| What is the shape of S. aureus? |
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| Cocci in bunches |
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| What is the shape of Streptococci? |
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| Cocci in chains |
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| What is the shape of Pseudomonas? |
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| Rod |
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| What is the shape of E. coli? |
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| Rod |
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| What is the shape of Campylobacter jejuni? |
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| Curved rod |
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| What are 3 examples of branching bacteria? |
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| Actinomyces, Nocardia, Dermatophilus |
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| What is the shape of Leptospira? |
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| Spiral |
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| What is the shape of Borrelia? |
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| Spiral |
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| What is an example of a cocco-bacillary bacteria? |
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| Pasturella |
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| What shape is Corynebacterium? |
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| Pleiomorphic |
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| What is the shape of Mycoplasma? |
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| No particular shape |
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| Give an example of a large, capsulated rod. |
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| What is the #1 bacteria used in biological warfare? |
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| What bacteria causes plague? |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| Is Francisella tularensis Gr+ or -? |
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| Gr - |
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| Is Streptococcus Gr+ or -? |
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| Gr+ |
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| Is S. aureus penicillin R or S? |
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| R |
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| Is Streptococcus penicillin R or S? |
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| S |
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| R |
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| Resistant |
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| S |
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| Susceptible |
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| Is Pseudomonas Gr+ or -? |
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| Gr - |
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| Is E. coli Gr+ or -? |
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| Gr - |
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| Why can Pseudomonas sometimes be confused with E. coli? |
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| Both are Gr- rods |
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| How can Pseudomonas be differentiated from E. coli? |
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| Pseudomonas is more uniform/E. coli is less uniform |
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| Is Campylobacter Gr+ or -? |
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| Gr - |
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| Is Actinomyces Gr + or -? |
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| + |
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| Is Nocardia Gr + or -? |
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| Gr+ |
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| Is Dermatophilus Gr+ or -? |
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| Gr+ |
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| What skin disease-causing organism may appear like railroad track? |
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| Dermatophilus |
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| Is Dermatophilus penicillin R or S? |
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| S |
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| Is Dermatophilus tetracycline R or S? |
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| S |
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| What bacteria causes Lyme disease in humans and dogs? |
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| Borrelia burgdorferi |
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| Is Lyme disease zoonotic? |
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| Yes |
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| What bacteria causes leptospirosis in humans & animals? |
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| Leptospira |
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| Is Leptospirosis zoonotic? |
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| Yes |
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| Is Pasturella Gr + or -? |
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| Gr - |
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| What organism causes fowl cholera? |
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| Pasturella |
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| Is Corynebacterium Gr + or -? |
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| Gr+ |
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| What disease does Corynebacterium renale cause in cattle? |
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| Pyelonephritis |
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| What Gr + pleiomorphic bacterium resembles Chinese characters? |
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| Corynebacterium |
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| Is Corynebacterium R or S to penicillin? |
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| 100% S |
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| Is Mycoplasma penicillin R or S? |
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| R |
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| Does Mycoplasma have a cell wall? |
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| No |
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| What determines whether an organism is Gr + or -? |
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| Cell wall/Outer envelope |
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| What is it called when only the ends of the cell stain well? |
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| Bipolar staining |
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| What is an example of a bipolar organism? |
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| Pasturella |
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| What is the term for bacteria that can not be stained well with Gram stain? |
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| Acid fast bacteria |
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| What can be used for bacteria that stain poorly with Gram stain? |
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| Giemsa stain or Silver stain |
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| What is a sign of dermatophilus infection? |
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| Superficial skin infection without abscesses |
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| Give an example of an acid-fast bacteria. |
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| Mycobacterium |
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| Can Gr stain be used for Mycobacteria? |
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| No |
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| With what bacteria will old cells stain Gr - even though the bacteria is Gr +? |
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| Clostridium |
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| What color is the primary stain in acid-fast staining? |
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| Pink/Red |
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| What color is the counter stain after decolorization in acid-fast staining? |
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| Blue |
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| Can Gr stain be used for Leptospira? |
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| No |
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| What stain is used for Leptospira? |
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| Silver Stain |
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| How does Leptospira appear when stained with Silver stain? |
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| Black spirals |
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| What is an alternative to Gr, Giemsa, & Silver staining? |
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| Negative Staining (India Ink) |
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| Give an example of a capsulated bacteria (besides Bacillus). |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pasturella |
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| What bacteria exhibit bipolar staining? |
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| Pasturella multocida & Yersinia pestis |
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| What antibiotic can be used to treat Pasturella? |
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| Tetracycline |
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| What are some spore-forming bacteria? |
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| Bacillus; Clostridia |
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| What are some outer envelope components? |
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| Capsule, Flagella, Pili/Fimbriae, Outer membrane/LPS, Periplasmic space/Gr-, Cell wall, inner membrane |
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| What type of bacteria contain LPS? |
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| Gr - |
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| What type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer? |
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| Gr + |
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| Why do Gr + bacteria retain crystal violet? |
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| Thick peptidoglycan layer |
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| What type of bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer? |
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| Gr - |
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| What type of bacteria have a periplasmic space? |
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| Gr - |
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| LPS |
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| Lipopolysaccharide |
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| What are some outer envelope structures of E. coli? |
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| Pili/Fimbriae & Flagella |
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| How do E. coli attach to mucosa? |
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| Fimbriae |
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| What are some bacteria with flagella? |
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| E. coli, Salmonella |
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| Does Gram-stain show flagella? |
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| No |
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| Bacterial Spores |
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| Highly R thick-walled oval or spherical bodies |
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| Is B. anthracis aerobic or anaerobic? |
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| Aerobic |
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| What bacteria have terminal spores that are drumstick or tennis racket like in appearance? |
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| Clostridium tetani |
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| Are Clostridia aerobic or anaerobic? |
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| Anaerobic |
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| What is the doubling time of E. coli? |
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| 20min |
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| What is the doubling time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
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| 24 hr |
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| Viable, but non-culturable bacteria can be present in the _____ phase. |
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| Decline |
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| Many pathogens need ____ for nutrition. |
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| Blood |
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| Give an example of a bacteria that requires blood. |
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| Pasturella |
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| Does E. coli require blood to grow? |
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| No |
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| What are the 4 phases of the bacterial growth curve? |
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| Lag, Log/Exponential Growth, Stationary, Death/Log Decline |
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| At what phase of bacterial growth are virulence factors expressed? |
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| Exponential Growth/Log Phase |
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| Are most pathogens aerobic, microaerophilic, or anaerobic? |
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| Aerobic |
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| Give an example of a microaerophilic bacteria. |
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| Campylobacter jejuni |
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| Give 2 examples of anaerobic bacteria. |
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| Fusobacterium, Clostridium |
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| Give an example of a thermophilic bacterium. |
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| C. jejuni |
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| What temperature do thermophilic bacteria grow at? |
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| 45 C |
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| What temperature do psychrophilic bacteria grow at? |
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| 4 C |
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| Give 2 examples of psychrophilic bacteria. |
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| Listeria, Yersinia enterocolitica |
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| What % O2 is normal? What % is microaerophilic? |
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| 20%; 5% |
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| What is required to cultivate microaerophilic bacteria & anaerobes? |
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| Special pouches or jars |
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| What is characteristic of an anaerobic chamber? |
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| Completely O2-free |
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| What is another term for freeze drying? |
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| Lyophilization |
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| What are 3 methods of preserving bacteria? |
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| Freeze-drying, freezing at -70C, freezing in liquid Nitrogen (-190C) |
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| What are 2 methods of bacterial inactivation? |
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| Thermal/Sterilization, Chemical/Killing by Formalin ~0.5% or beta-propiolactone (vaccines) |
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| What are 3 preliminary tests for diagnosis of bacterial dz? |
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| Oxidase, Catalase, Agglutination |
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| Samples should be collected before _____. |
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| Antibiotic treatment |
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| Are dry swabs suitable for sample collection & transport? |
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| No |
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| What type of swabs keep specimens moist, leaving bacteria viable, yet not multiplying? |
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| Transport Swab |
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| What temperature should samples be held at when transport swabs are used? |
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| 4C |
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| What is used for sample collection from uterus? |
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| Guarded Swab |
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| What type of swab allows aseptic sample collection from the site of infection? |
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| Guarded Swab |
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| Direct Gram's smear was taken from a deep wound w/ foul smelling dark discharge. Routine culture on blood & MacConkey agar was (-) for growth. What are the bacteria? |
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| Anaerobes - Most likely clostridia |
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| What is used to treat Clostridium? |
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| Penicillin |
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| What are 2 routinely used culture media? |
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| Blood & MacConkey Agar |
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| What bacteria show mucoid colonies on BA & lactose fermenting colonies on Mac agar? |
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| Klebsiella |
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| Give an example of a bacteria that can cause otitis externa in dogs, & genital tract infections in horses. |
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| Klebsiella |
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| Describe MacConkey agar. |
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| Selective for Gr -, differential for lactose fermentation |
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| MA |
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| MacConkey Agar |
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| What Gr + cocci in bunches show double zone hemolysis on BA? |
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| S. aureus |
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| What test is done to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus? |
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| Catalase Test |
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| Describe the Catalase Test. What bacteria will bubble? |
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| Add a drop of 3% H2O2 to a few colonies on a slide. Staph will bubble. |
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| Is pseudomonas penicillin S or R? |
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| R |
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| What can be used to treat Pseudomonas? |
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| Gentamycin |
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| What is the most common cause of wound inf. in N Am? |
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| Pseudomonas |
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| Is pseudomonas Oxidase (+) or (-)? |
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| (+) |
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| What media will Pseudomonas grow on? |
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| BA & MA |
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| What color is a positive oxidase rxn? |
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| Purple |
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| What is an example of a commercial bacteria ID sys? |
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| API (Analytical Products Inc) Strip |
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| For what bacteria is it necessary to use a selective or enriched broth medium to isolate the organism? |
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| Salmonella |
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| For Salmonella isolation, feces is first inoculated into ______ or ______ & incubated. The ingredients in this media suppress ______ & ____ other than Salmonella. After ___ hr, subculture is done on ___ & ____. |
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| Rappaport or Selenite broth; E. coli & enterics; 18; BA & MA |
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| Is Salmonella zoonotic? |
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| Yes |
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| For isolation & ID of bacteria, always use _____. |
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| Pure Culture |
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| After isolation & ID of bacteria, what is done? |
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| Antibiotic sensitivity testing |
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| What is one method of antibiotic sensitivity testing? |
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| Disk Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) Method |
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| What medium is used for disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing? |
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| Mueller Hinton agar |
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| Diagnosis of _____ is done using bacterial agglutination for Ab's. |
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| Brucellosis |
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| Latex particle/slide aggln is done for typing of ____ |
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| Streptococci; S. aureus, E coli |
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| FloAb is used for ____. |
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| Canine Brucellosis |
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| ELISA tests are used for antibodies, e.g. _____, or toxins, e.g. _____. |
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| Lyme dz; Clostridium perfringens |
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| Serotyping of bacteria is done for ____ |
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| E coli |
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| DHT is used for ___ & ___. |
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| Tuberculosis, Glanders |
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| What are 2 diseases that have a carrier state? |
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| TB, Brucellosis |
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| Is TB zoonotic? |
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| Yes |
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| What is another name for DTH test? |
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| Mallein Test |
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| DTH testing is done to diagnose glanders in ____, & TB in ___. |
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| Horses; Cattle |
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| What organism causes glanders? |
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| Pseudomonas |
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| What are 3 bacterial pathogenesis factors? |
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| Host susceptibility, Bacterial infectivity, Virulence factors |
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| Give some examples of virulence factors. |
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| Pili, non-fimbrial adhesins, capsule, toxins |
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| What organism causes shipping fever in cattle? |
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| Mannheimia haemolytica |
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| Does Mannheimia haemolytica affect dogs? |
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| No |
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| Mannheimia haemolytica is specific to ____. |
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| Cattle |
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| E. coli strains that cause diarrhea in neonatal calves do not cause diarrhea in older cattle, b/c _____. |
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| The older animals have no receptors in the intestine for attachment of E. coli |
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| E. coli strains which cause Hamburger dz belong to specific _____, & produce _____, which damages ____. |
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| Serotypes, Shiga toxin, Blood vessels |
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| What type of toxin is Shiga toxin? |
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| Enterotoxin |
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| Capsules help bacteria escape from ____. |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| Pathogenic E. coli strains have ____ for attachment to ____, & ability to produce _____. |
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| Pili, intestinal mucosa, enterotoxin |
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| Do pathogenic E. coli release enterotoxin first, or bind to intestinal mucosa? |
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| First bind to mucosa, then release enterotoxin |
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| An organism that causes dz |
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| Pathogen |
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| Establishment of pathogen in host |
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| Infection |
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| Give an example of an obligate pathogen. |
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| Give an example of a primary pathogen. |
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| Chlamydophila felis |
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| What organism causes conjunctivitis in cats? |
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| Chlamydophila felis |
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| Give an example of a secondary pathogen. |
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| Staph |
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| Give an example of an opportunistic pathogen |
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| Staph, E. coli --> UTI |
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| Give an example of an endogenous inf |
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| Gingivitis in dogs from commensals |
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| Give an example of exogenous inf |
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| C. tetani produce ____ toxin |
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| Exotoxin |
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| Give 2 examples of contagious dz |
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| Strangles in horses, Pneumonic plague |
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| What organism causes pneumonic plague? |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| What organism causes Strangles? |
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| Streptococcus equi |
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| The degree of pathogenicity bacteria may lose or gain |
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| Virulence |
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| The process of diminishing virulence |
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| Attenuation |
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| Is Tetanus an inf? |
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| No - it is an intoxication |
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| Are clostridium tetani & botulinum contagious? |
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| No |
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| Give some examples of bacterial entry |
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| Inhalation, Ingestion, Skin/mucosa abrasion, Urogenital tract, Placenta to fetus, Umbilicus |
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| Give an example of an inhaled bacteria |
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| Bordetella bronchiseptica |
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| What does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in dogs? In cats? |
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| Kennel cough, Feline pneumonia |
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| Give an example of an ingested bacteria. |
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| Salmonella |
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| Give an example of a bacteria in contaminated water. |
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| Leptospira |
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| Give an example of a bacteria that enters through the urogenital tract. |
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| Brucella |
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| Give an example of a bacteria transmitted from placenta to fetus. |
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| Brucella |
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| Give an example of a bacteria that is transmitted via umbilicus. |
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| E. coli |
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| Spread by contact, food, water, etc. |
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| Horizontal Transmission |
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| Transmission from mother to offspring during pregnancy. |
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| Vertical Transmission |
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| Give an example of a species-specific pathogen. |
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| Streptococcus equi |
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| Give an example of an organ-specific pathogen. |
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| Brucella abortus/canis (genital organs) |
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| What structure helps with bacterial attachment and colonization? |
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| Pili |
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| What factors help bacteria escape the immune system? |
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| Capsules, Toxins |
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| Name 2 intracellular bacteria that invade host cells. |
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| Mycobacterium, Salmonella |
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| Name a bacteria with antigenic variation. |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| Name 2 bacteria that cause apoptosis. |
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| Salmonella, Listeria |
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| How are virulence factors acquired? |
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| Mutation, Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation |
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| Bacteriophage enters and codes for virulence factor. |
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| Transduction |
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| Give an example of a toxin that is transferred via transduction. |
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| Botulism toxin |
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| What structure, transferred by conjugation, codes for antimicrobial resistance factor & virulence factors? |
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| Plasmid |
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| Plasmids are transferred by _____. |
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| Conjugation |
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| Are exotoxins produced by Gr + or - bacteria? |
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| Both |
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| Examples of exotoxins |
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| Tetanus neurotoxin, Cholera toxin, E coli enterotoxin, Botulism neurotoxin |
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| Examples of endotoxins |
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| LPS --> Endotoxemia |
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| Are endotoxins produced by Gr + or - bacteria? |
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| Gr - |
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| ____ are secreted by the bacteria; ____ is a part of the cell wall. |
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| Exotoxins; Endotoxin |
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| Penicillin ___ bacteria. |
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| Lyses |
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| What type of toxin is botulism toxin? |
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| Exotoxin |
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| What toxin causes flaccid paralysis of mm? |
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| Botulism toxin |
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| What toxin causes spastic contraction of mm & lockjaw? |
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| Tetanus neurotoxin |
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| What type of toxin is tetanus neurotoxin? |
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| Exotoxin |
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| Are fluoroquinolones NS or BS? |
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| BS |
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| What type of drugs should be used to target bacteria? |
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| Specific, NS |
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| What drug is used to treat S. equi? |
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| Penicillin |
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| How do penicillins stop infections? |
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| Destroy cell wall |
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| Give an example of a bactericidal antibiotic. |
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| Penicillin |
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| Kills bacteria |
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| Bactericidal |
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| Inhibits bacterial growth |
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| Bacteriostatic |
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| Give an example of a bacteriostatic antibiotic. |
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| Tetracycline |
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| Give 2 examples of NS drug. |
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| Bacitracin, Penicillin G |
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| Give 2 examples of BS drugs. |
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| Tetracycline, Doxycycline |
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| What is one chemical grouping of antibiotics? |
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| Beta lactams |
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| Does bacitracin target Gr + or - bacteria? |
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| Gr - |
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| What is the aim of antibacterial drugs? |
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| Maintain effective [ ] @ inf site |
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| Dosage of antibiotics is _____ |
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| 3-5x MIC |
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| MIC |
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| Minimal Inhibitory Concentration |
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| Routes of antibacterial drugs: |
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| PO, IV, IM, SC, Local (eye, ear) |
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| What drug can be fatal to rabbits, chinchillas, and guinea pigs? |
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| Penicillin & Cephalosporins |
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| Is Streptococcus equi Penicillin R or S? |
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| S |
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| Antibacterial drugs should reach _____ @ _____. |
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| Active concentration, inf. site |
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| What drug is good for urinary, lung, & skin inf? |
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| Baytril/Enrofloxacin |
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| What drug should not be given PO? Why not? |
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| Penicillin G; destroyed in stomach |
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| Long-acting drugs such as Liquamycin-LA are administered _____ |
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| IM in cattle |
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| What bacteria causes pink eye in cattle? |
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| Moraxella bovis |
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| What antibiotics act by inhibition of cell wall synthesis? |
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| Penicillins, Cephalosporins |
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| What antibiotics act by damage to cell membrane function? |
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| Polymyxins |
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| What antibiotics act by inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis or function? |
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| Sulfonamides, Quinolones, Enrofloxacin |
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| What antibiotics act by inhibition of protein synthesis (ribosomes)? |
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| Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin) |
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| What drug is used only in creams (not systemically) |
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| Polymyxins |
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| What do drug resistant S. aureus produce? What does it do? |
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| Beta-lactamase, destroy B-lactam ring of penicillin, Inactivate drug |
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| What is a common nosocomial bacterial inf? |
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| S. aureus |
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| Give examples of Beta lactam drugs. |
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| Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Clavamox, Ceftiofur, Ceftazidime |
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| Give an example of an Aminoglycoside. |
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| Gentamicin |
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| Give an example of a Macrolide. |
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| Erythromycin |
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| Give an example of a Sulfonamide |
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| Trimethoprim |
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| Give an example of a fluoroquinolone |
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| Enrofloxacin |
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| Beta lactam drugs are ____. |
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| Bactericidal |
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| What drug is used to treat Mycoplasma? |
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| Tetracycline |
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| What drug is used to treat pseudomonas? |
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| Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin), Fluoroquinolones |
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| What drug is used to treat Campy? |
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| Macrolides |
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| Is penicillin G NS or BS? |
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| NS |
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| Is Ampicillin NS or BS? |
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| BS |
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| What are some potentiated penicillins? |
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| Ampicillin + Sulbactam, Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid |
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| What bacteria is Penicillin G effective against? |
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| Corynebacterium, most Streptococcus |
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| Is Erysipelothrix penicillin S or R? |
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| S |
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| Avoid creation of drug-R bacteria by using ____ antibiotics. |
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| NS |
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| Ampicillin-sulbactam counteracts _______. |
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| Beta lactamase enzyme of bacteria |
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| Sulbactam inactivates _____, while ampicillin acts on ____. |
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| B-lactamase, bacteria |
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| B-lactamase enzymes inactivate _____, including ____. |
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| Beta lactam drugs, Amoxicillin |
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| Which is resistant to B-lactamase? Amoxicillin or Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid? |
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| Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid |
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| BS or NS? Clavamox |
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| BS |
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| Does Clavamox target anaerobes? |
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| Yes |
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| Is Clavamox active against Pseudomonas? |
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| No |
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| Is Clavamox active against Mycoplasma? |
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| No |
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| What is the structure of tetracyclines? |
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| 4 Ring structure |
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| Is enrofloxacin active against anaerobes? |
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| No |
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| Name 2 antibacterial drugs that are active against anaerobes. |
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| Clindamycin, Metronidazole |
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| What bacteria do not require susceptibility testing? |
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| Corynebacterium, Erysipelothrix, Bacillus |
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| Give an example of a synergistic antibiotic. |
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| Sulfa + Trimethoprim |
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| What is one application of sulfa + trimithoprim? |
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| UTI |
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| What is one sporicidal chemical? |
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| Formaldehyde |
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| What can be used to kill anthrax? For how long? |
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| Formalin 5% spray, 4hrs |
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| Does Formalin kill spores? |
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| Yes |
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| Natural habitat is soil |
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| Geophilic |
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| Animals are the source |
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| Zoophilic |
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| Do Malassezia form mycelia? |
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| No |
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| Ring worm fungi |
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| Dermatomycoses |
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| Do antibodies protect against fungi? |
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| Rarely |
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| What is a BS antifungal drug? |
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| Ketoconazole ("Nizoral") |
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| What drug is used to treat Candida inf? |
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| Nystatin |
question
| Is nystatin BS or NS? |
answer
| NS |
question
| What drug is given for ringworm inf? How is it administered? |
answer
| Griseofulvin, PO |
question
| Is nystatin effective against ringworm? |
answer
| No |
question
| What is another name for ringworm? |
answer
| Dermatomycosis |
question
| How is ringworm diagnosed? |
answer
| Wood's Lamp, KOH Wet mount |
question
| Is ringworm zoonotic? |
answer
| Yes |
question
| What fungus fluoresces under Wood's lamp? |
answer
| Ringworm |
question
| How are samples collected for ringworm Dx? |
answer
| Hair collection, Basal portion/Hair root req'd |
question
| What is the #1 ringworm causing fungus in dogs & cats? |
answer
| M. canis |
question
| What is the #2 ringworm causing fungus in dogs? |
answer
| T. mentagrophytes |
question
| Give an example of a systemic anti-fungal drug, |
answer
| Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole |
question
| Give an example of an anti-dermatophyte drug. |
answer
| Griseofulvin |
