Bacterial Growth, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the ETC – Flashcards
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| WHAT ARE THE 4 PHASES OF POPULATION GROWTH IN BACTERIA? |
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LAG PHASE LOG PHASE STATIONARY PHASE DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE |
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TRUE OR FALSE?
GROWTH IN BACTERIAL ORGANISMS IS STATIC |
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| FALSE, GROWTH IS NOT STATIC IN BACTERIAL ORGANISMS. |
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| THE PERIOD OF ADJUSTMENT OCCURS IN WHICH PHASE? |
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| LAG PHASE |
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| IN WHICH PHASE ARE THE BACTERIA TAKEN OUT OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT? |
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| LAG PHASE |
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| IN THIS PHASE, CELLS INCREASE IN SIZE NOT IN NUMBERS AND ARE METABOLICALLY ACTIVE |
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| LAG PHASE |
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| DURING THIS PHASE, YOU WILL FIND THE LEAST AMOUNT OF TOXINS |
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| LOG PHASE |
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| THIS PHASE IS KNOWN AS THE PERIOD OF GROWTH |
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| LOG PHASE |
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| DURING THIS PHASE, GROWTH IS EXPONENTIAL,THE POPULATION DOUBLES, GROWTH IS AT ITS MAXIMUM RATE, AND CELLS ARE NEARLY UNIFORM |
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| LOG PHASE |
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| THIS PHASE IS CALLED THE PERIOD WHEN CELL DEATH IS EQUAL TO CELL DIVISION |
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| STATIONARY PHASE |
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| DURING THIS PHASE, THERE IS NO INCREASE IN CELL POPULATION, AND THE GENERATION TIME INCREASES |
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| STATIONARY PHASE |
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| THE TIME BETWEEN CELL DIVISIONS IS CALLED ? |
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| GENERATION TIME |
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| THIS PHASE IS A RESULT OF INCREASED TOXINS AND DECREASED NUTRIENTS |
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| STATIONARY PHASE |
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| THIS PHASE IS CALLED THE PERIOD WHEN CELL DEATH IS GREATER THAN CELL DIVISION |
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| DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE |
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| THIS PHASE IS DUE TO THE NEARLY COMPLETE DEPLETION OF NUTRIENTS |
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| DEATH OR DECLINE PHASE |
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| HOW IS BACTERIAL GROWTH MEASURED? |
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| BACTERIAL GROWTH IS MEASURED IN POPULATION SIZE NOT PHYSICAL SIZE OF INDIVIDUAL BACTERIA |
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TRUE OR FALSE? BACTERIA GROW UNIFORMLY |
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| TRUE |
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WHAT ARE THE 3 METHODS OF BACTERIAL MEASUREMENT?
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DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT STANDARD PLATE COUNT DENSITY MEASUREMENT (SPECTROPHOTOMETER) |
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| WHICH BACTERIAL MEASUREMENT IS USEFUL FOR COUNTING CELLS THAT WILL NOT GROW IN CULTURES? |
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| DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT |
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| WHICH BACTERIA MEASUREMENT IS ONLY USED TO COUNT VIABLE CELLS? |
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| STANDARD PLATE COUNT |
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| FEWER CELLS---->LESS TURBID----> ? |
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| LESS LIGHT ABSORBED OR MORE LIGHT TRANSMITTED |
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| WHAT ARE THE 3 METHODS OF PRESERVATION? |
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PERIODIC TRANSFER OF CULTURE LYOPHILIZATION LOW TEMPERATURE HOLDING |
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| TRANSFERRING EXISTING BACTERIAL CULTURE FROM OLD NUTRIENT TO NEW TO CREATE A NEW POPULATION OF BACTERIA IS ? |
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| PERIODIC TRANSFER OF CULTURE |
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| FREEZE DRYING OF CULTURES IS ? |
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| LYOPHILIZATION |
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| AT WHAT DEGREE DOES FREEZE DRYING OF CULTURES OCCUR? |
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| -80 degree C |
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| WHAT ARE THE 3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS NEEDED FOR GROWTH? |
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TEMPERATURE OXYGEN pH |
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| WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR INFLUENCING BACTERIAL GROWTH? |
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| TEMPERATURE |
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| WHAT ARE THE 3 TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH? |
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MINIMUM OPTIMAL MAXIMUM |
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AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DO PSYCHROPHILES GROW?
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| 0-20 C |
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| AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DO MESOPHILES GROW? |
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| 20-45 C |
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AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES THERMOPHILES GROW?
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| ABOVE 45 C |
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| WHAT ARE OBLIGATE ANAEROBES? |
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| BACTERIA THAT DIE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN |
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| WHAT ARE OBLIGATE AEROBES? |
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| BACTERIA THAT CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT OXYGEN |
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| WHAT DOES FACULTATIVE MEAN? |
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| BACTERIA THAT CAN GROW IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF OXYGEN |
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| WHAT ARE MICROAEROPHILES? |
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| BACTERIA THAT REQUIRE OXYGEN IN LIMITED AMOUNTS |
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| MOST BACTERIA SPECIES GROW BEST AT WHAT TYPE OF pH? |
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| NEUTRAL pH |
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| BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS THAT SPEED UP A CHEMICAL REACTION BY LOWERING THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION IS A ? |
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| ENZYME |
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TRUE OR FALSE? ENZYMES ARE KEY CELLULAR PROTEINS THAT MAINLY DETERMINE THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL. |
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| TRUE |
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| THE MINIMUM ENERGY REQUIRED FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION TO TAKE PLACE SPONTANEOUSLY IS ? |
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| ENERGY OF ACTIVATION |
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TRUE OR FALSE? ENZYMES ALTER THE REACTANTS OR PRODUCTS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION |
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| FALSE, THEY DO NOT ALTER THE REACTANTS OR PRODUCTS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION NOR ARE THEY ALTERED BY THE CHEMICAL REACTION THEY CATALYZE. |
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| A REACTANT IS ALSO KNOWN AS A ? |
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| SUBSTRATE |
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| WHAT BINDS TO THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME TO FORM AN ENZYME/SUBSTRATE COMPLEX? |
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| SUBSTRATE |
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| THE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE ON WHICH THE ENZYME ACTS IS ? |
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| THE SUBSTRATE |
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| SMALL, NON PROTEIN MOLECULES ATTACHED TO THE ENZYME ARE CALLED? |
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| COENZYMES |
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| THE BASIC FUNCTION OF THIS IS TO TRANSFER MOLECULES, ATOMS, OR ELECTRONS FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER ? |
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| COENZYMES |
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| ENZYMES ARE USUALLY NAMED FOR ? |
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| THE SUBSTRATE THEY ACT ON |
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| WHAT ARE 2 MAIN FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYMES? |
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TEMPERATURE pH |
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| DRASTIC SHIFTS IN THE pH CAUSE WHAT TO HAPPEN TO AN ENZYME? |
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| DENATURATION |
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| DENATURATION CAUSE ENZYMES TO BECOME WHAT? |
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| NON-FUNCTIONAL |
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| ENZYMES ARE REGULATED THROUGH? |
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| INHIBITION OF ENZYME ACTION |
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| WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF INHIBITION MECHANISMS? |
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COMPETITIVE INHIBITION NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION FEEDBACK INHIBITION |
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| WHAT TYPE OF INHIBITORS COMPETE FOR THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME AND CAUSE THE SUBSTRATE NOT TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE ACTIVE SITE? |
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| COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS |
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| WHAT NUTRIENT IS IMPERATIVE FOR BACTERIAL SURVIVAL? |
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| FOLIC ACID |
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| A MECHANISM USED BY THE CELL TO STOP THE WASTE OF CHEMICAL RESOURCES IS? |
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| FEEDBACK INHIBITION |
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| COLLECTIVE BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE INSIDE THE CELL IS CALLED? |
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| METABOLISM |
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| WHAT ARE THE 2 BRANCHES OF METABOLISM? |
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| ANABOLISM AND CATABOLISM |
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| WHAT DO ANABOLIC REACTIONS REQUIRE? |
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| ENERGY |
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| WHAT BRANCH OF METABOLISM SYNTHESIZES LARGER MOLECULES FROM SMALLER SUBUNITS? |
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| CATABOLISM |
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| WHAT 3 MOLECULES ARE PRODUCES THROUGH CATABOLISM AND WHAT DO THEY PRODUCE? |
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ATP= ENERGY NAD= REDUCING POWER PRECURSOR MEATABOLITES = MICROMOLECULES THAT MAKE UP MACROMOLECULES THROUGH ANABOLISM |
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| THE REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS FROM AN ATOM OR MOLECULE IS CALLED? |
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| OXIDATION |
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| OXIDATIVE REACTIONS PRODUCE WHAT? |
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| ENERGY |
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| THE ADDITION OF THE ELECTRONS REMOVED FROM OXIDATIVE REACTIONS TO MOLECULES OR ATOMS IS CALLED? |
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| REDUCTION |
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| ADDITION OF ELECTRONS CAUSES A DECREASE IN WHAT? |
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| THE OVERALL CHARGE OF THE MOLECULE OR ATOM |
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| EACH REDUCTION REACTION IS COUPLED WITH WHAT? |
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| AN OXIDATION REACTION |
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| WHAT TYPE OF MACROMOLECULES ARE ENZYMES MADE OF? |
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| PROTEINS |
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| CELLULAR OXIDATION IS ALSO CALLED WHAT? |
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| DEHYDROGENATION |
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| THE REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN ATOMS IS CALLED? |
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| CELLULAR OXIDATION |
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| WHERE THE HYDROGEN GOES, THAT IS THE ELEMENT THAT HAS BEEN WHAT? |
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| REDUCED |
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| COVALENT BONDS THAT RELEASE MORE ENERGY ARE CALLED? |
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| HIGH ENERGY BONDS |
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| ENERGY MOLECULES FORMED FROM THE ENERGY RELEASED FROM BONDS BROKEN DURING OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS ARE CALLED ? |
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| ATP |
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| WHAT TYPE OF GROUP IS ADDED TO A MOLECULE OF ADP TO FORM ATP? |
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| PHOSPHATE GROUP |
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| THE ADDITION OF PHOSPHATE GROUPS IS CALLED ? |
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| PHOSPHORYLATION |
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| ATP IS USED IN WHAT TYPE OF REACTION AND CREATED IN WHAT TYPE OF REACTION? |
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| ATP IS USED IN ANABOLIC REACTIONS AND CREATED IN CATABOLIC REACTIONS |
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| REMOVING A PHOSPHATE GROUP IS CALLED? |
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| DEPHOSPHORYLATION |
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| WHAT ARE THE 2 MECHANISMS OF PHOSPHORYLATION? |
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SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
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| WHAT MOLECULES ACT AS CHEMICAL CATALYSTS? |
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| ENZYMES |
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| WHAT DO CATALYSTS DO IN CHEMICAL REACTION? |
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| THEY SPEED UP THE PROCESS BY LOWERING THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION |
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| ARE ENZYMES CHANGED BY THE CHEMICAL REACTION? |
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| ENZYMES ARE NOT ALTERED BY THE CHEMICAL REACTION THEY CATALYZE |
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| DO ENZYMES ADD ENERGY TO A CHEMICAL REACTION? |
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| NO, ENZYMES LOWER THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION NEEDED TO START A CHEMICAL REACTION. |
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| HOW DO ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTION? |
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| ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY GREATLY REDUCING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED FROM A SYSTEM TO CATALYZE A REACTION. |
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| DO ENZYMES INTERACT WITH SEVERAL SUBSTRATE MOLECULES? |
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| NO, A PARTICULAR ENZYME (LOCK) WILL ONLY ACT WITH ONE OR A LIMITED NUMBER OF SUBSTRATES (KEYS). NO PRODUCT WILL BE MADE IF THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE DO NOT MATCH UP. |
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| WHICH PRODUCES MORE ENERGY, AEROBIC RESPIRATION OR FERMENTATION? |
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| AEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES 38 ATP PER GLUCOSE WHERE AS FERMENTATION PRODUCE 2 ATP PER GLUCOSE |
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| WHAT IS THE BASIC EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
IN SIMPLE TERMS, 1 GLUCOSE MOLECULE AND 6 OXYGEN MOLECULES MAKE 6 WATER MOLECULES, 6 CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES AND 1 ATP MOLECULE |
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| ATP IS GENERATED WHEN HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATES ARE DIRECTLY TRANSFERRED FROM THE SUBSTRATE OF THE ENZYME CATALYZED REACTION AND OCCURS IN GLYCOLYSIS AND THE KREBS CYCLE. THIS IS CALLED WHAT? |
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| SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION |
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| ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ELECTRON CARRIERS BY THE PROCESS OF ? |
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| OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
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| WHAT MECHANISMS OF PHOSPHORYLATION OCCURS IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN? |
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| OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
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| BACTERIA IS CLASSIFIED WHAT 2 TYPES OF ENERGY? |
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LIGHT ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY |
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| ORGANISMS WITH THE PREFIX "PHOTO" ARE CLASSIFIED AS HAVING WHAT SOURCE OF ENERGY? |
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| LIGHT ENERGY |
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| ORGANISMS WITH THE PREFIX "CHEMO" ARE CLASSIFIED AS HAVING WHAT SOURCE OF ENERGY? |
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| CHEMICAL ENERGY |
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| BACTERIA CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR SOURCE OF CARBON. WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF CARBON CALLED? |
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ORGANIC CARBON CO2 |
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| HETEROTROPHS ARE ORGANISMS THAT USE WHAT KIND OF CARBON? |
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| ORGANIC CARBON |
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| AUTOTROPHS ARE ORGANISMS THAT USE WHAT TYPE OF CARBON? |
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| CO2 |
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| ANOTHER TERM USED TO DESCRIBE METABOLISM OF THE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS IS CALLED? |
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| AEROBIC RESPIRATION |
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| WHAT ARE 3 WAYS THAT ATP IS PRODUCED THROUGH AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
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| WATER IS THE REDUCED FORM OF? |
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| OXYGEN |
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| GLYCOLYSIS LITERALLY MEANS WHAT? |
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| SUGAR SPLITTING |
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| 1 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE IS SPLIT INTO WHAT? |
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| 2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID |
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| WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF GLYCOLYSIS? |
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| TO SPLIT GLUCOSE AND PRODUCE PYRUVIC ACID |
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| PYRUVIC ACID IS THE OXIDIZED FORM OF WHAT? |
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| GLYCERALDERHYDE |
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| HOW IS ENERGY PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS? |
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| THROUGH THE SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP TO ATP |
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| WHERE IS CO2 PRODUCED IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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| IT IS PRODUCED AS A BI-PRODUCT OF THE KREBS CYCLE |
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| WHERE IS H20 PRODUCED IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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| AT THE END OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. |
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| SINCE PYRUVIC ACID CANNOT ENTER THE KREBS CYCLE DIRECTLY, IT HAS TO BE DECARBOXYLATED TO PRODUCE WHAT? |
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| CARBON DIOXIDE |
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TRUE OR FALSE? ATP IS PRODUCED IN THE TRANSITION PROCESS OF THE KREBS CYCLES. |
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| FALSE, ATP IS PRODUCED IN THE 4TH STEP OF THE KREBS CYCLE. |
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| THIS IS RELEASED THROUGH A SERIES OF OXIDATION REACTIONS BY TRANSFERRING ELECTRONS TO THE CARRIER COENZYMES NAD+ AND FAD+ |
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| POTENTIAL ENERGY |
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| BY RELEASING POTENTIAL ENERGY, IT WILL PRODUCE WHAT? |
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| USABLE ENERGY |
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| HOW MUCH POTENTIAL ENERGY IS FOUND IN THE TRANSITION STEP OF THE KREBS CYCLE? |
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| 10 |
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| WHAT ARE THE CARRIER CO-ENZYMES OF THE KREBS CYCLE? |
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| NAD+ AND FAD+ |
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| HOW MANY ATP ARE GENERATED IN GLYCOLYSIS FROM ONE MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE? |
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| 2 |
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| WHERE DO THE NADH MOLECULES CREATED IN GLYCOLYSIS GO WITH THEIR ELECTRONS? |
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| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
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| GLYCOLYSIS STARTS WITH 1 GLUCOSE MOLECULE THAT CONSISTS OF A 6 CARBON CHAIN AND 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS AND ENDS AS WHAT? |
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| 2 PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES CONSISTING OF A 3 CARBON CHAIN AND 1 PHOSPHATE GROUP |
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| WHAT MOLECULE ACTS AS THE TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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| OXYGEN |
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| A COMPLETE CYCLE INVOLVES HOW MANY ROTATIONS OF THE KREBS CYCLE? |
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| 2 |
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| A SERIES OF COMPOUNDS THAT TRANSFER ELECTRONS FROM ONE COMPOUND TO GENERATING ATP THROUGH OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IS? |
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| ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN |
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| O2 (OXYGEN) IS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR PRODUCING WHAT? |
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| H2O (WATER) |
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| WHAT ARE THE 2 AEROBIC RESPIRATIONS THAT PRODUCE NADH? |
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| GLYCOLYSIS AND KREBS CYCLE |
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| FADH IS PRODUCED IN WHAT AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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| KREBS CYCLE |
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| HOW MUCH ATP IS PRODUCED IN THE ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN THROUGH THE REOXIDATION OF REDUCED NADH AND FADH? |
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| 34 |
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| THE CONVERSION OF PYRUVIC ACID PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS TO LACTIC ACID AND ETHANOL IS CALLED? |
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| FERMENTATION |
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TRUE OR FALSE? FERMENTATION REQUIRES OXYGEN TO RELEASE ENERGY FROM SUGAR. |
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| FALSE, IT DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN |
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| INSTEAD OF OXYGEN, WHAT DOES FERMENTATION USE AS ITS FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTORS? |
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| ORGANIC MOLECULES |
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| TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID ARE REDUCED BY NADH TO FORM WHAT? |
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| LACTIC ACID |
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| WHAT IS FORMED THROUGH THE DECARBOXYLATION OF PYRUVIC ACID? |
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| 2 MOLECULES OF CARBON DIOXIDE |
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| 2 MOLECULES OF ETHANOL ARE PRODUCED THROUGH WHAT? |
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| THE REDUCTION OF ACETALDEHYDE BY NADH |
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| 3 MOLECULES OF USABLE ENERGY EQUALS HOW MUCH POTENTIAL ENERGY? |
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| 1 |
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| H2O AND ATP ARE THE END PRODUCTS OF WHAT AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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| ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN |
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| WHAT CAN PYRUVIC ACID BE CONVERTED TO IN FERMENTATION? |
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| TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVIC ACID ARE CONVERTED TO TWO MOLECULES OF ACETALDEHYDE |
