The Impact of Early Experiences on Emotional Control: Freud’s View of Attachment Theory
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Freud's view of therapy
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a corrective experience - chance to change previous experiences
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Attachment Theory
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-importance of early experiences -focus on role of experiences w/ caregivers -building of emotional control (Freud focused on bodily function control) -huge research base
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Infant Attachment
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-experiences caregivers and forms mental models of experience -influence later behavior -primate development (Harlow-cloth covered wire mothers, Suomi- peer raising as model for insecure attachment)
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Warm, responsive caregiving leads to...
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secure attachment
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Inconsistent/absent/dismissive caregiving leads to....
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insecure attachment or avoidant behavior
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Research: Strange Situation - Mary Ainsworth
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- 20 min session w/ child. parent, stranger in unfamiliar environment -child explore environment? -reacts to leave/return of caregiver? -interaction w/ stranger? Interpretation of results: anxious/avoidant: seems not to value caregiver, not bothered, mask for anxiety -- rebuffed by caregiver for attachment behavior- communication of needs no influence on caregiver Anxious/ambivalent: clingy, difficult to comfort on return, has learned that parent might not always be there trying to hook them in, poor soothing Correlates w/ adulthood behaviors
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Childhood attachment
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-secure base from which to explore -Circle of Security (Dr. Marvin) -secure and insecure attachments -adds components of earned secure: ability to reach secure state through "corrective attachment experiences" w/ therapist, etc. -add ideas of emotional control
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Adult attachment
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-secure and insecure attachment -Mary Main's Adult Attachment Interview
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Mary Main's Adult Attachment Interview
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-ask about memories of experiences w/ important adults when a child -person gives overall impressions then supporting details -coherence b/w impressions and details and amount of details -doesn't matter positive or negative memories -important how person processed experiences and makes sense/relates them -secure, preoccupied, dismissive, unresolved
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States of Mind regarding adult attachment
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-secure: exhibits a coherent valuing of attachment, freedom to evaluate past/current relationships -insecure: restricted ability to evaluate current/past relationships, overgeneralizing negative experiences -disorganized: lack of resolution over significant loss, lack of coherence
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Schema Therapy
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-focus on relationship b/w current behavior and previous experiences -difficulties in childhood lead to maladaptive behaviors in adulthood (not usually aware of this) -therapist points out situations triggering problematic behavior based on schema
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Schemas
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-current events trigger schema causing person to act in way that might have been adaptive at younger age but not adaptive now -activated under certain conditions: promotes intense affect, bodily sensations, self-defeating actions or inclinations -relate to earlier unmet needs
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Different Schemas
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abandonment, mistrust/abuse (everyone going to use me for their own purposes), emotional deprivation (no one I can count on emotionally), defectiveness/shame, self-sacrifice, emotional inhibition, social isolation, unrelenting standards
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Process of Schema Therapy
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-therapist identifies prominent schemas -identifies unmet needs -identifies when client has active schema (use corrective experience to meet need aka. limit setting)
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Carl Jung vs. Freud
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-shared interest in unconscious -thought Freud condescending and caused rift -Jung focused on relationships and seeing harmony not always about conflict
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2 kinds of unconscious
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1. personal: thoughts, memories, experiences that are momentarily not being thought about and or repressed because too emotionally difficult 2. collective: transpersonal in nature, collection of wisdom, passed on
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motivational nature of personality
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seek balance among aspects of individual's personality
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nature of unconscious
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storehouse of personal memories/info from past generations
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dynamics of personality
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separate development and balanced integration among various elements of personality through reciprocal exchange of psychic energy
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Jung's structural view of mind
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look at slide 21 in ppt classes 6 and 7
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Regions of mind
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-conscious ego: center of conscious awareness of internal/external experiences and processes -personal unconscious: storehouse of repressed, emotionally threatening memories and complexes -complex: emotionally charged concept -prospective function: help person process future info/experiences (dreaming about what might happen in next few days) -compensatory function: help balance conscious and unconscious aspects of personality (shy person dreaming about being life of party) -collective unconscious: storehouse of knowledge/experiences from past generations and archetypes
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archetypes
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universal ideas passed from generations due to continued usefulness -persona: predisposition to conform to social norms -animus: masculine aspects of females -anima: feminine aspects of males -shadow: primitive aspects of personality -self: motivating force seeking to achieve unity and harmony b/w aspects
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Purpose
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flow of psychic energy to seek balanced expression among elements of personality
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Principle of opposites
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each action involving shift of psychic energy in one element of personality will flow to element w/ less energy
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principle of equivalence
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psychic energy taken from one element of personality system is found elsewhere
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principle of entropy
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excessive psychic energy in one element of personality will flow to element w/ less energy
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Classic application
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word association test
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contemporary application
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identification of personality types
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Identification of two major personality types
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1. extroverted attitude: investment of psychic energy into events/objects outside of individual 2. introverted attitude- investment of psychic energy reflected in more internal/personal events
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Functions of Personality
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how individuals understand their environment -sensation: through senses -thinking: through ideas and intellect -feeling: through affective responses -intuition: through sense of internal judgment
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8 Jungian types
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1. extrovert/sensation: seeks new sensory experiences 2. extrovert/thinking: response based on logic and intellect 3. extravert/feeling: influenced by mood of enviro 4. extravert/intuition: reacts based on degree of personal interest 5. introvert/sensation: extreme internal responses 6. introvert/thinking: philosophical and theoretical responses 7. introvert/feeling: internalizes thoughts and feeling 8.introvert/intuition: seeks personal meaning in experiences
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Jung's strengths
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-richness of ideas -expanded view of personality (lifelong personality development) -methodological impact
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Jung's limitations
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-difficulty of testing concepts (abstract) -limited acceptance (reference to other subjects)
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Alder's Individual Psych
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-social nature of motivation -motivational components of personality
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social nature of motivation
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desire to serve interest of group over personal interests = driving force of personality
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motivational components
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-organ inferiority: physical limitations -inferiority feelings: self-perceived weakness and limitations -compensation: actions to overcome inferiority feelings -striving for superiority: go beyond compensation to reach full potential -social interest: considering needs of others when developing full potential -style of life: develop one's full potential -creative self: interprets information for maximizing full potential
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dynamics of development
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style of social interaction and expression of social interest developed
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childhood and adolescence
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acquisition of social skills as basis for learning to interact successfully w/ others
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parent-child interactions
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child's early interactions w/ parents serve to influence personality style/expression of social interest
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birth-order
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influence personality style/expression of social interest
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nature of parent-child interaction
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-pampered child: overprotective parenting style resulting in adulthood characterized by low social interest by placing one's needs above others -rejected child: parenting style associated with rejection and neglect resulting in a personality style in adulthood characterized by low social interest and a lack of trust in and social participation with others
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birth-order positions
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-first: caring for later-born siblings leads to high social interest in adulthood -second: motivated to surpass older siblings leads to high social interest to help others in adulthood -youngest: older siblings serve as models for striving superiority in adulthood -only child: spending considerable time with adults without competition from other siblings leads to high levels of intellectual ability
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Alder's personality assessment
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-Social Interest Scale: objective self-report, measures extent individuals possess personal characteristics reflective of social interest -Behavioral Correlates: high SIS scores = liked by and helpful toward others -Attitudinal Correlates: high SIS scores = personal optimism and interpersonal equality/harmony
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Alder's strengths
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-impact on contemporary psych -the optimist (individuals motivated by need to help others)
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Alder's limitations
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-less systematic theorizing (simplistic) -limited empirical investigations
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Horney's motivational nature of personality
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establishment of sense of social security in cultural context -motivational components: sources of awareness of lack od social security -basic hostility: children feel toward parent when they fail to create secure environment -basic anxiety: sense of uneasiness children experience when in threatening environment
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neurotic trends
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set of irrational beliefs/desires to achieve social security -neuroticism: highly anxious, pessimistic thinking, avoid problems -morbid dependency: highly insecure, overly conform to expectations of others to get affection
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3 strategies for achieving social security
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1. moving towards people: cooperation to obtain affection from others 2. moving against people: aggression to obtain power over others 3. moving away from people: social and emotional withdrawal from others
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healthy use of strategies
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flexibility and variation as defined by nature of situation
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maladaptive use of strategies
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rigidity in use of single strategy regardless of nature of situation
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Horney's Feminine Psych
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-feelings of hostility for same-sec parent based on perceived threat to child's sense of safety as well as source of competition -womb envy emphasized admiration by males for superiority of women b/c birth
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Coping strategies of diabetics (Horney)
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-self effacement: moving towards people, dependency on others to control their diabetes -need for mastery: moving against, tendency to take personal control of their diabetes -resignation: moving away, become extremely regimented in personal treatment of diabetes to isolate themselves
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CAD personality assessment
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self report w/ 3 subscales to measure basic Horneyan interpersonal coping styles 1.compliant subscale: moving towards others 2.aggressive subscale: moving against others 3.detached subscale: moving away from others
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HCTI personality assessment
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self report w/ 3 subscales to measure basic Horneyan interpersonal coping styles 1.compliance scale: moving toward, tendency to help or have concern for others or desire for approval 2.aggression scale: moving against, emotional control and desire to be powerful 3.detachment scale: moving away, desire for social isolation and self sufficiency
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Horney's strengths
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-reinterpretation of female personality -emphasis on contribution of culture
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Horney's limitation
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-generated limited empirical research
