What is critical thinking and how is it applied to ethical issues involving cyber technology? Critical thinking in our book is described as a variety of deliberative processes that assist us in evaluating arguments and analyzing claims. 2. What is a logical argument and how is it different from a claim or a statement? Logical argument is a form of reasoning that attempts to establish the truth of one claim based on the assumed truth of the evidence in other claims provided to support a conclusion.
It is different room a claim or a statement because it is more then one statement or idea therefore calling for more claims, or statements.
3. What is the essential difference between an argument that is valid and one which is invalid? What is an exam
...ple Of each? A valid argument is valid solely in virtue Of its logical form, not its content. EX. Premise 1- every A is a B, and Premise 2- C is a A. The conclusion- C is a B.
A invalid argument is only invalid if you can give one counter example to the argument. Invalid arguments will be either inductive, or fallacious. EX.
Premise 1- All Coos of major united states computer corporations have been united states citizens. Premise 2- Bill gates is a united states citizen.
Conclusion- Bill Gates has been a CEO of a major computer corporation in the united states. 4. What is a counterexample and how can it be used to show that an argument is invalid? Counterexample IS a possible case where the premises in an argument can be imagined to be true while, at the same
time, the conclusion could still be false. If the argument is valid, no counterexample is possible.
5. What is the Ad Hominid fallacy?
This is an argument that attacks the person rather than the substance of the persons argument. 6. What is the slippery slope fallacy? The slippery slope fallacy has the form : x could possibly be abused , therefore, we should not allow x.
7. What is the fallacy of appeal to authority? This fallacy of appeal to authority is in the form : x is an authority in field y, x said z, therefore z. 8. What is the false cause fallacy? The false cause fallacy reasons from the fact which the event x preceded event y to the conclusion that event x is necessarily the cause of event y.
. What is the difference between the fallacy of composition and the the fallacy of division? Provide an example of each fallacy in regards to cyber technology. The fallacy of composition confuses the characteristics that apply to the parts of a whole, or to the individual members of a group, with the characteristics of the whole itself. Where the fallacy of division mistakenly infers that the same attributes or characteristics that apply to the whole or to the group must also apply to every part of the whole or to every member of the group.
Harvard has the best nations computer science department. 10.
What is the fallacy Of ambiguity? This OCCUrs whenever one or more terms in an argument are used ambiguously. Ambiguous terms have more then one meaning. 11. What is the fallacy of appeal to the people? This assumes
that because x is popular, or because the majority of people agree with x, then x must be an acceptable standard. 12. What is the virtually fallacy?
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