Apworld – Flashcard
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"The way of the nature/cosmos" - elusive, central concept of Daoism, the original force of the cosmos, an eternal and unchanging principle that governs all the workings of the world
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What is the Dao (Tao)
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Expanded agriculture and armed forces
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What did the Legalist ministers do to make a strong and powerful state?
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He wanted to pacify them (stop raids) and create a central Asian corridor to trade
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What was Han Wudi's primary reason to go on the offensive against the Xiongnu?
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"The way of the nature/cosmos" - elusive, central concept of Daoism, the original force of the cosmos, an eternal and unchanging principle that governs all the workings of the world
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What is the Dao (Tao)
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Expanded agriculture and armed forces
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What did the Legalist ministers do to make a strong and powerful state?
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He wanted to pacify them (stop raids) and create a central Asian corridor to trade
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What was Han Wudi's primary reason to go on the offensive against the Xiongnu?
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most Chinese writing was on ___?,Paper
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After 100 CE
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Legalist Doctrine
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What doctrine called for harsh penalties even for minor infractions?
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Frustration with public works projects and rebel invasions
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What caused the collapse of the Qin dynasty?
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Vietnam, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia
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Into what modern-day regions did the Han empire expand?
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but it what way do their goals differ?,To meet spiritual perfection. Buddhism believed in giving up social standing, while Hinduism teaches to accept social classes
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The ultimate goal in both Buddhism and Hinduism is to escape the cycle of reincarnation
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Invasions from nomads allowed prevental governs to form independent states
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The decline of the Zhou dynasty in China paralleled that of India's Gupta dynasty. What were the primary similarities?
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The specialization and development of people with different skills (ex: craftsmen)
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The caste system became more intricate due to the influence of...?
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Desire
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What does Buddhist doctrine hold as the root of all suffering?
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what was Ashoka's greatest support of Buddhism?,Support for Buddhist missionary efforts in foreign places
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After his conversion to Buddhism
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Promised salvation for all, no matter what caste
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Hinduism went through a transformation as Buddhism became more popular when...
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Strong philosophy of government
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What are the characteristics of Chadragupta Maurya's rule?
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slaves in _?__ were provided the agricultural labor necessary to feed the polis.,Maya culture; Sparta
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Unlike many slaves in __?__ which were used for human sacrifice
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which was NOT avalible through Greek philosophy or traditional religion?,The promise of a rewarding after life
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What did the salvation cults of the Hellenistic era promise believers
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Priestess of a religious cult
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What public professions were open to women in classical Greece?
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The strained resources of the mountainous Balkan Peninsula
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What was the main motivation for Greek colonization throughout the Mediterranean basin?
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Popular support among the people
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Tyrants came to power in many Greek poleis as a result of __?__
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Helots could not be bought and sold as property
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A key difference between helots in Sparta and chattel slavery is that..?
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Splintering of Greek unity, after the Persian defeat which set the stage for rise of Macedon
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The most significant long-term result of the Persian Wars was..
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Rome
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Many early civilizations relied on slavery for economic and/or religious purposes. Which civilization was most dependent upon slave labor in its economic realm?
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Western Europe because Roman rule stimulated trade and agriculture product resulting in urban grown
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Rome's most enduring impact was experienced in what region?
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Patterns of land distribution
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The most serious political and social tensions in Rome during the last years of the republic and the first years of the empire focused on...?
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Jewish religion forbids worship of any other gods but Yahweh, Jews wouldn't participate in Roman state cults
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Why did Jews find it so difficult to abide by Roman law?
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It allowed them to maintain their culture and have them the right to trade in Rome and perhaps to become Roman citizens
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The Roman policy toward its conquered subjects is called "generous" because...
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Creating the office of tribune who had the power to intervene in all political affairs
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The early Roman republic dealt with pressures from the plebeians for a voice in government by..?
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where was the greatest growth seen in the number of newly founded cities?,Spain, Gaul, and Britain
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During the Pax Romana
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the impact of eastern Christianity can best be seen in the western Roman empire in the_?_,Adoption of eastern ascetic practices in the formation of Christian monasteries
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Prior to the fifth century
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Build large, imperial states, and the construction of roads and bridges
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What two developments between 100-500 CE spurred the development of long-distance trade?
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intermarrying with native Chinese people, studying Chinese philosophy and poetry, taking on Chinese names are all examples of what process which characterizes foreign interaction in China?,Sinicization
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Adopting Chinese foods
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St. Augustine (of Hippo)
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The most important individual responsible for the inclusion of Roman educated intellectuals into early Christianity was?
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Buddhism
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What was the most prominent faith among Silk Road merchants from 200 BCE- 700 CE?
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Belief that asceticism and withdrawal from secular society were the ideal manifestations of Christian life
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Aspects of eastern practices can be best seen in western Christianity c. 300-700 CE through the _?_
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Conflict over land distribution
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The key reason for the collapse of the Han dynasty was..?
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Was seen as a threat to public order and was suspected as a threat from an outside nation
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Manichaeism was feared by imperial states because it...
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Mariners could use this knowledge to establish trade links and sail safely throughout the Indian Ocean basin.
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How did knowledge of the monsoons facilitate trade?
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The Arab peninsula had equal members of monotheists and polytheists
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What in Muhammad's background may have influenced his acceptance of monotheism?
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In violent warfare as Islam challenged both polytheists and the ruling elite
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In what way did the expansion of the Islamic faith progress through the rest of the Arab peninsula?
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Interaction between religion and region
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Women's roles in Islamic societies were eventually defined by _?_
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They combined deep personal devotion to Islam with a tolerance for regional culture
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Islam quickly expanded through military means but why were Sufi missionaries so successful later on?
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Succession problems
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The origin of the split between the Shia and Sunnis was indicative of _?_
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Islam can be described as a derivative religion. Each grew out of another religious tradition through the efforts of one individual. In what way was Islam different from the others?,Spread of Islam was vastly more successful in a shorter period of time
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Like Buddhism and Christianity
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what other two empires are considered the anchors of the postclassical world?,Abbasid and Byzantine Empire
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Along with China
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Song Dynasty
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The nomads from the north of China proved the greatest threat to the demise of which Chinese dynasty?
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Practical and economic way to transport foods like rice from Yangzi River Valley to residents in Northern regions
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Why was the Grand Canal such an essential part of China's economic health?
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Too many characters in Chinese language made it inconvenient
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Why did the Chinese continue to use block printing rather than move toward using moveable type developed during the eleventh century?
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Buddhism favored the adoption of printing because copying and distribution of sacred text was onside red a highly meritorious act
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Why was the Buddhism especially supportive of printing technology?
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Nara
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During which period in Japanese history was Chinese influence most profound?
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Military expansion into Vietnam introduced the Chinese to faster-growing rice, which made it possible to grow two rice crops a year in southern China
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Why was economic expansion during the Chinese Tang and Song dynasties linked to military expansion?
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Promoted cultural exchange between China and their neighbors
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Why was the ritual of the kowtow significant throughout east and central Asia?
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Islam's conversion rate in southeast Asia was enhanced but the work of _?_,The arrival of Sufi missionaries
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As in most other places
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The religions reinforced the idea of kingship
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Indian religions traveled to Southeast Asia via merchants and missionaries. Why did Southeast Asian monarchs convert readily to Hinduism and Buddhism?
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how did the caste system adapt to the arrival of Muslim merchants?,They became a distinct caste within the system
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As Hindus of northern India converted to Islam
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what was the primary ethnic identity of the sailors in the western half of the ocean?,Persian and Arab
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Since the Indian Ocean trade was generally divided into two separate spheres
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Trade and agriculture
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India and the Indian Ocean trade routes were dependent upon the climatic variations of the monsoon seasons. What areas did the monsoon system affect the most?
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southern India differed from northern India primarily in their..,Steady adherence to Hinduism
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Historians generally treat southern India separately from northern India. At this time
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He was successful in unification of the northern third and administered it with help from local rulers
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Harsha dominated northern India in the sixteenth century as a conqueror and later an administrator. To what extent did Harsha centralize northern India?
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Chinese Buddhism incorporated Daoist ideas while Southeast Asian Buddhists built on a base of Hinduism
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Why was the establishment of Buddhism in China markedly different than its establishment in Southeast Asia?
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Abbasids and Byzantines
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Charlemagne hoped to build a western European empire which migh rival the contemporary societies _?_ and _?_
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Organized much of labor needed to clear forest, drain swamp, prepare lands for cultivation
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What effect did monasteries have on the expansion of agricultural production in early modern Europe?
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Saint Benedict of Nursia
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Who is credited with establishing a standard for monastic life?
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Disease and uncertainty limited surplus for 800 years
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The fact that the population of western Europe took eight centuries to recover from the demise of the western Roman empire reflects that _?_
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while towns in western Europe c. 500-1000 CE served as...,Economic gathering places for the sale or exchange of locally produced goods
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Towns in the Roman empire had served as commercial centers integrating the economic activities of distant regions
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Freed human and animal labor for other work
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What effect did the technology of water mills have on western European life?
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Made it possible to aerate soil and break up the weeds and thereby farm lands that had been previously unsuitable for agriculture; when used with heavy draft animals, it had enough energy to pull through moist northern soils; its successful use stimulated other agriculture innovations
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Why was the moldboard plow an essential element in the production of an agricultural surplus in western Europe in the eighth century CE?
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All three required poverty, charity and obedience of their believers
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What characteristic did medieval European monasteries share with Buddhist monasteries in Asia and Muslim charitable religious foundations?
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India during the post-classical era
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Medieval Europe about 1000 CE is MOST like which civilization?
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China, Northern India, Anatolia, and Russia
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Nomadic Turks and Mongols affected Asian history by conquering most of _?_
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Personal record of achievement
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The attainment of nobility status in nomadic societies was dependent upon _?_
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They encouraged tolerance and occasionally converted
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What did the Mongols do when they encountered other religions?
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Temujin mastered the art of Steppe diplomacy, eventually all Mongol tribes into a single confederation
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To what did Temujin owe his elevation to Chingghis Khan?
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Mongols and allies occupied highest administrative government positions, while conquered peoples could serve in lower levels of government
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What did Mongol rule in the Ilkhanate of Persia have in common with the Yuan dynasty?
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Factional and economic struggles plagued Mongol leadership. Tried to introduced paper money
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What stopped Mongols from the complete conquest of the Middle East?
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Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure merchants' safety, allowing for long distance trade
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To what extent did the Mongols encourage trade?
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Significant succession problem
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One trait that the Mongols and Tamarlane shared in the decline of their empire was _?_
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Mongol khans chose to _?_ ,Divide conquered areas into central rules
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In contrast to the Romans at the time of Augustus
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It provided a nutritious supplement to the Bantu diet and allowed the Bantu to expand into forested regions
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How did the introduction of bananas from southeast Asia impact life in sub-Saharan Africa?
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Kingdom of Kongo
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Which central African kingdom developed the most tightly centralized-government system between 1300 and 1650?
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Merchants
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Which group is largely responsible for the introduction of Islam to sub-Saharan Africa?
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Improved relations with Muslim merchants in North Africa. They traded goods with Muslim nomads and brought the kings recognition and support from Muslims states in North Africa
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Why did west African kings convert to Islam?
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Prosperous city-states
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What was the dominant political structure in east Africa by the 13th century?
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Ethical
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What term can be used to describe both Christianity and Islam but NOT traditional African religions?
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Economic development and surging trade throughout the Eastern hemisphere raised demand for gold
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Why was west African gold in such high demand in the eastern hemisphere circa 800-1100?
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Increased agricultural yield
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Population growth in the high middle ages was enormous due to _?_
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Townspeople/ peasants
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Which group is benefited the most from increased urbanization?
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The open opportunities for both women and men, positions as public authority figures or jobs like butchers alongside men
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European women's roles increased in stature during the high middle ages. What development helped to status of more women?
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participation in pilgrimages was open to all. What other area provided a benefit to all Europeans?,Cathedral school
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While schools and universities provided education to the elite
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they were entirely successful at? _?_,Connecting Europe to world trade market
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While the crusades were a misguided effort to reconquer the holy lands
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successful governance was a political mosaic. What is the best explanation for why the Europeans had so many forms of government?,Many wanted power for themselves and they had different views
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During the high middle ages in Europe
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Controlled much of regional commerce
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In what ways were European women of the high middle ages similar to Mongol women?
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Well established, organized agricultural societies and chiefly states throughout Pacific Islands
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What effect did geography have on the establishment of large kingdoms or empires in Oceania during the period 1000-1500 AD?
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Toltecs
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Civil conflict and nomadic incursions are responsible for the fall of what regional empire by the end of the 12th century?
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Guided Aztec empire and imposed their rule
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Why did the Mexica form an alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan in mid-15th century?
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Mexica values taught that their principle value was to bear children
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Why did most Mexica women marry?
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Overland trade routes
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How were goods traded in aboriginal Australia circa 1000-1500 CE?
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the Shang of China, and the Archaic period in Egyptian history is that all three cultures produced _?_,Human sacrifice
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One commonality in religious practice between the Mexica
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It allowed faster communication, trade, and rapid military deployment
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Inca roads proved a powerful empire-building tool because _?_
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Muslim authority who could interpret Muslim law
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What primary purpose did Ibn Battuta serve for his Islamic hosts?
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what did Marco Polo and Rabban Sauma have in common?,Both were voyagers and traveled to make allies for Christianity ???
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Other than Christianity
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Global climate cooled and declined productivity
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What earlier change made the plague such a potent destructive force?
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Eliminated all traces of Mongol rule and establishing a government on the model of Chinese dynasties (Confucian educational and civil service systems to ensure a supply of talented officials and bureaucrats)
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What did the first Ming emperor do to reestablish Chinese rule?
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China
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The compass was a technology derived from which region?
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Europeans did not venture onto the seas in the interests of diplomacy or in hopes of establishing a political and military reputation in foreign lands
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Both the Chinese and the Europeans initiated maritime exploration. What was the primary difference between them?
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the Asian trade network in the 14th century can be best described as _?_,Much more common OR new pattern of world trade was developing that more closely linked Asia, Europe and parts of Africa
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Compared with trade networks in the first century
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more connections allowed Christians, Jews and Islamic scholars to exchange knowledge
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The cultural recovery of Europe from the ravages of the bubonic plague epidemic was predicated upon an earlier cultural flowering. What was this and how did it form the foundation of the Rennisance Crusades?
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Han, tribute payment
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The historical tendency of Chinese governments was to reject the attractions of the other societies yet the Ming dynasty had the same type of situation and why did it occur?
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what carries the greatest weight in scoring?,Historical Quality
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For all National History day projects
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excellent, good, needs work
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What characteristics of History Day project sources receive a Superior rating?.Superior
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Bibliography
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What is required of every History Day project?
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How the source was used, how it helped understand the topic, what kind of source it is
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What is required for an annotation in a History Day bibliography?
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Documentary and Performance
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Which competition categories have a 10 minute limit?
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Gives brief explanation of your source and tell readers what information the source implies
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What is the purpose of annotating the bibliography?
