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progressive era

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1895-1920; period characterized by dynamic political leaders (Roosevelt/Wilson) and emergence from war and economic depression. Sense of renewal served to intensify anxiety over social/political problems and raise hopes they could be fixed and democracy could be reconciled with capitalism.

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muckrakers

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journalists who fed public taste for scandal and sensation by exposing social, economic, and political wrongs

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direct primaries

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advocated by progressives to replace partisan caucuses; voters could nominate candidates directly

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direct primaries

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advocated by progressives to replace partisan caucuses; voters could nominate candidates directly

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initiative

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permitted voters to propose new laws

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referendum

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enabled voters to accept or reject a law

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recall

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allowed voters to remove offending officials/judges from office before their term expired

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"old guard" Republicans

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championed ideology as opponents to progressivism that government interference in the free market contradicts natural law of survival of the fittest; progress will only result from maintaining profit incentive

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Robert Lafollette

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as WI governor he initiated reform program including direct primaries, more equitable taxes, and regulation of RR rates; later became senator and approached reform scientifically while still exciting public interest; wanted to drive corporations out of politics

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souther progressivism

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urban middle class worked towards many of same goals as north and are especially successful in political reform; although tainted by racism, south was important in movement: 17th amendment, direct primaries in all but 3 states

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17th amendment

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provided for direct election of US senators (previously by state legislatures); state legislatures thought by progressivists to be corrupt

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18th amendment

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outlawed manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors; seen as expression of progressive goal to protect family and workplace through reform

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progressive education

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uniquely American; Dewey: learning should focus on real-life problems and children should be taught to use their intelligence and ingenuity as instruments for controlling their environments

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progressive legalism

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progressive lawyers argued that law should be flexible enough to reflect needs of society; judged imbued with laissez-faire theories opposed this view

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social science

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study of society and its institutions; in progressive era: citizens should actively plan to cure social ills rather than passively waiting for problems to solve themselves

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Social Gospel

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"WWJD"; belief that one could counter the brutality of capitalism by applying Christian principles toward worldly matters

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eugenics

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belief that human character and habits could be inherited so society had an obligation to prevent reproduction of "inferior" people--immigrants, ethnics, etc.--led to sterilization and restricting immigration

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Booker T. Washington

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encouraged african americans to accommodate themselves to whites, at least temporarily, to prove their cause; some blacks (esp. educated northerners) thought he favored a degrading second class citizenship

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W.E.B. DuBois

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opposed Washington and believed a select group of african americans should use their skill to pursue racial equality; formed NAACP

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Niagara Movement

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"anti-Bookerites" pledged militant pursuit of rights such as unrestricted voting, economic opportunity, integration, and equality before law

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NAACP

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aimed to end racial discrimination and obtain voting rights by pursuing legal redress in the courts

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"the women movement"

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middle class women striving to move beyond household into social welfare activities, higher education, and paid labor

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the feminist movement

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participants explicitly conscious of their identity as women; emphasized rights and self development; contradiction of unity of women vs. no sex-typing theories

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Margaret Sanger

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emphasized "sex rights" of women and advocated strongly for birth control movement; American birth control league = modern day planned parenthood

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suffrage movement

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Blatch believed all women contributed to societys betterment; need to vote to promote womens economic roles: NAWSA- Carrie Chapman Catt and NWP- Alice Paul

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Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul

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women who heightened public awareness and fought for womens suffrage in respective groups: NAWSA and NWP

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19th amendment

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national suffrage; gave women the right to vote

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Theodore Roosevelt

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believed government should direct national affairs, should economically decide when big business is bad or good, and believed in white superiority and in conservation over preservation

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Northern Securities Act

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(Roosevelt) supreme court ordered breakup of JP Morgans N. Securities Co. (railroad); success of policy to judge trust on case by case basis

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Hepburn Act

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gave ICC more authority to set railroad freight/storage rates but also gave court the power to overturn rate decisions (tradeoff)

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The Jungle

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Upton Sinclair; fictional novel that exposed corrupt meatpacking industry; led to regulatory measures

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Meat Inspection Act

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(Roosevelt- 1906) reinforced gov. regulation of meat production as fueled by "the jungle"

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Pure Food and Drug Act

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(Roosevelt- 1906) prohibited dangerous foods and also addressed abuses in medicine industry

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Gifford Pinchot

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chief forester of US Forest Service who advocated scientific management of the nations woodlands to protect land/water from overuse by timber cutters, farmers, herders

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William Howard Taft

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sympathetic to reform, prosecuted trusts, believed in strict restraint of the law; during presidency the progressive and conservative wings of Republican party drifted apart

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16th amendment

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legalized federal income tax; will allow for Underwood Tariff

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Bull Moose Party

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Roosevelts supporters (progressives) created as third party in election against dem. Wilson and socialist Debs; campaign = most thorough evaluation of American system since 1896

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Woodrow Wilson

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progressive president known more for direction of country during WWI; expanded governments regulatory powers over business and banking

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New Nationalism

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Roosevelt; an era of national unity in which government would coordinate and regulate economic activity

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New Freedom

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Wilson; concentrated economic power threatened individual liberty and monopolies had to be broken up so marketplace could become genuinely open

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Clayton Anti-Trust Act

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corrected deficiencies of Sherman anti-trust act by outlawing monopolistic practices and interlocking directorates

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Federal Trade Commission

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investigated companies and issued cease-and-desist orders against unfair trade practices; could be appealed in court, but still a step toward consumer protection

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Federal Reserve Act of 1913

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created 12 district banks that would lend $ at discount rates (could increase/decrease amt. of $ in circulation); loosen/tighten credit with nations needs; first central banking system since 1836

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