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STOCK MARKET CRASH

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is a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices across a significant cross-section of a stock market, resulting in a significant loss of paper wealth. Crashes are driven by panic as much as by underlying economic factors. They often follow speculative stock market bubbles.

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COURT PACKING

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attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed.

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VIRGINIA COMPANY

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Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

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HOUSE OF BURGESSES

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the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

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POWHATAN

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Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

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BACON'S REBELLION

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an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

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MASSACHUSETTS SETTLEMENT

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The first New England colonies were established by the Puritans in present-day Massachusetts. Most of the colonists came with their whole family for a better life and to practice religion as they saw fit. As a result of strict religious beliefs, the Puritans werenot tolerant of religious beliefs that differed from their own.

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RHODE ISLAND

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- Founded by Roger Williams in 1636. Part of the 1644 and 1663 Charter. It was proclaimed self- governed. It was the most liberal English settlement and in 1664 was allowed to establish land.

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HALFWAY CONVENT

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It provided limited (halfway) membership for any applicant not known to be a sinner who was willing to accept the provisions of the church covenant; they and their children could be baptized; the sacrament of communion and a voice in the church descion making was limited to full members

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KING PHILIPS WAR

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1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

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SALEM WITCH TRIALS

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Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

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MID ATLANTIC COLONIES

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Pennsylvania was in the territory between New England and Virginia. It was a colony founded by the religiously tolerant Quakers, led by William Penn. Further north, New York was settled by the Dutch, who called it New Amsterdam. In 1664, the British conquered the colony and renamed it New York. A diverse population kept alive this center of trade and commerce founded by the Dutch, whom the British invited to remain there. With members of various British and Dutch churches, New York tolerated different religions.

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PENNSYLVANIA

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in 1681, Charles II awarded the land of PA to William Penn, in order to pay off a debt to his father. He established Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers

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NEW AMSTERDAM

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a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island

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QUEBEC

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the largest province of Canada

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MERCANTILISM

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European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country

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TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE

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the trading of African people to the colonies of the New World in and around the Atlantic ocean

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MIDDLE PASSAGE

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the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

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AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE

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preserved african customs, songs, and dances; composed sprituals

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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

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American patriot, writer, printer, and inventor. During the Revolutionary War he persuaded the French to help the colonists.

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INDIVIDUALISM

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the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

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SOCIAL MOBILITY

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The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.

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THE GREAT AWAKENING

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This was a major religious revival in the colonies, which began in the 1730's with its leader being Jonathan Edwards.

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FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

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Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

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1763 TREATY OF PARIS

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Ended the french and Indian War

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PROCLAMATION OF 1763

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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STAMP ACT

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an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

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INTOLERABLE ACTS

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in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

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SONS OF LIBERTY

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A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

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DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY

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An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers

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COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE

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Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

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THOMAS PAINE

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American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

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COMMON SENSE

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a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

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the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

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JOHN LOCKE

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English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

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CHARLES DE MONTESQUIEU

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Spirit of Law, advocated separation of powers with the three branches of legislative, judicial, and executive

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GEORGE WASHINGTON

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1st President of the United States, Commander of the Continental Army, Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War

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CROSSING THE DELAWARE

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In December 1776 Washington secretly led his troops across the Delaware River to launch a surprise attack on the Hessian troops guarding Trenton and took most of them prisoner.

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VALLEY FORGE

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Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

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GENERAL CHARLES CORNWALLIS

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British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington

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BATTLE OF YORKTOWN

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final battle of the war, in which French and American forces led by George Washington defeated British General Cornwallis

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1783 TREATY OF PARIS

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Treaty which ended the American Revolutionary War. The United States won its independence from Great Britain and gained control of land strtching to the Mississippi River.

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ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

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this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

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U.S CONSTITUTION

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document of basic principles that determines the powers and duties of the US government- based on federalism

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SHAYS REBELLION

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Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

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GREAT COMPROMISE

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the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).

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SLAVERY

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the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages

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SEPARATION OF POWERS

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Principle by which the powers of government are divided among separate branches

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LIMITED GOVERNMENT

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basic principle of American government which states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away

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EXECUTIVE BRANCH

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the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws

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CHECKS & BALANCES

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A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

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FEDERALISTS

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supporters of the constitution

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ANTI FEDERALISTS

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people who opposed the Constitution

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THE FEDERALIST

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series of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788

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JAMES MADISON

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Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

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NORTHWEST ORDINANCE

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defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the union

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LOUISIANA PURCHASE

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jefferson bought from france under rule of napolean in 1803 $15 million from mississippi river to rocky mountains & gulf of mexico to canada

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LEWIS AND CLARK

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sent to gather info about louisiana purchase

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WAR OF 1812

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us v britain lasted until 1814 treaty of ghent ended it

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ERIE CANAL

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canal between albany new york and buffalo new york completed in 1825

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NEW YORK CITY

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originally dutch capital city of new netherlands originally named new amsterdam

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MONROE DOCTRINE

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american foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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change from agriculture to industrial society 1750-1850

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ELI WHITNEY

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inventor of the cotton gin in 1793 and contributed to interchangeable parts

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COTTON GIN

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cleans seeds from cotton fibers invented by eli whitney in 1793

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INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

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identical components that can be used in place of another in manufacturing

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MANIFEST DESTINY

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spread as far as possible own every piece of land

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TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT

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campaign to ban or limit alcohol

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ABOLITIONISM

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doctorine that calls for abolition of slavery

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PUBLIC SCHOOL REFORM

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wanted to give middle class children education , teaching them about honesty, sobriety and patriotism

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WOMANS SUFFERAGE

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womans struggle to gain right to vote

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ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

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organized Seneca falls conference in 1848 Issued declaration of sediments declared woman and men equal

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SENECA FALLS CONFERENCE

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womans right convention july 1848 wrote declaration of sediments

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JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

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(andrew jackson) Idea of spreading political power to people and ensuring "common man" theme majority rules

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AMERICAN NATIONALISM

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...

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WILLIAM LLYOD GARRISON

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abolitionist launched "the liberator" opposed slavery founded american anti-slavery society

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FREDERICK DOUGLASS

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U.S abolitionist escaped from slavery and published anti slavery newspaper in 1845

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GRIMKE SISTERS

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19th century american quakers advocates of abolitionism and womans rights

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MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820

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an act of Congress (1820) by which Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′N, except for Missouri.

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COMPROMISE OF 1850

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california free state new mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. The Republic of Texas gave up lands that it claimed in present day New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico. The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia. The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine.

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NAT TURNERS REBELLION

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(also known as the Southampton Insurrection) was a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia during August 1831. Led by Nat Turner

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NULLIFICATION CRISIS

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a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to null& void a federal law passed by the United States Congress.ariff of 1828 (also called the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law in 1828 during the presidency of John Quincy Adams.

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JOHN C CALHOUN

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vice president under john quincy adams 1824 & 1828 under andrew jackson spoke out against slavery and state's rights

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SECTIONALISM

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exaggerated devotion to the interests of one section; regional prejudice

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STATE'S RIGHTS

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the right of states to limit the power of the federal government

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MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

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after Mexican refusal to sell California-New Mexico region, Polk sent troops and it ended w/ Treat of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

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WILMOT PROVISO

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stated any territory acquired from mexico would be free

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KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

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1854 repealed missouri compromise and introduced popular sovereignty

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POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

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popular choice of the people

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DRED SCOTT DECISION

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slave who sued for freedom because he lived in a "free" territory and thought he should be free

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HABEAS CORPUS

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requires a person to be brought before a judge or court , the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment

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JOHN BROWN

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led pottawatomie massaacre during bleeding kansas abolitionist

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ABRAHAM LINCOLN

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16 president saved union during the civil war wrote emancipation proclamation

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IRVING BERLIN

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United States songwriter (born in Russia) who wrote more than 1500 songs and several musical comedies (1888-1989)

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WATERGATE SCANDAL

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A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency.

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MASS PRODUCTION

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the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)

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WILLAM T. SHERMAN

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american union commander during the civil war led famous march to sea through georgia

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JOHN D ROCKEFELLA

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Became one of the nations richest and most powerful businessmen.Establsihed the company Standard Oil which was one of the nations first trust.

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13TH AMENDMENT

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This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

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RADICAL REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUCTION

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punish south, protect former slaves; US military occupation of South, Confederate military leaders needed pardon to hold office, protect Blacks right to vote

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PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION

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was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

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LINCOLN'S 2ND INAUGURAL ADDRESS

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speech meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of War,"with malice toward none and charity for all,

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GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

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a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

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BATTLE FOR ATLANTA

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Union forces defeated Confederate forces in the city of Atlanta, shermans march

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SEIGE OF VICKSBURG

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Name That Battle! Grant surrounded the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi and had it under seige for about 6 weeks. Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg on July 4, 1863 giving the Union control of the Mississippi River. The Union won.

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THOMAS "STONEWALL" JACKSON

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he was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.

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BATTLE OF ANTIETAM

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Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

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BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

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Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

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ROBERT E LEE

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Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

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ULYSSES S GRANT

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an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

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SIT-INS

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to protest at lunch counters that served only whites, African Americans students began staging this

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FREEDOM RIDES

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a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

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CAMP DAVID ACCORDS

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A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

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SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE

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An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

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UNITED FARM WORKERS MOVEMENT

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organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

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NIXON'S VISIT TO CHINA

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Feb 1972, visited Beijing, help with triangular diplomacy playing USSR and China off on each other

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EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

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Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

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JEFFERSON DAVIS

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an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

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ANTI-VIETNAM WAR MOVEMENT

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Cause of the sixties credited for spawning rise in interest groups

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NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF WOMEN

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(1966) org. formed to work for economic and legal rights of women. acted from the liberal tenet that women and men are alike in important respects and, therefore, entitled to equal rights and opportunities. extremely effective in enacting rhetorical strategies that have brought about concrete changes in laws and policies that enlarge women's opportunities and protect their rights

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WOMENS MOVEMENT

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giving women the right to vote-seneca falls ny, the movement fr womens right began in the US in 1848. women activists joined to found the int. council for women

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SILENT SPRING

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A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

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RACHEAL CARSON

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wrote "Silent Spring" , Wrote Silent Spring, started the modern enviromental movement

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EARTH DAY

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a holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

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CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT

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seeks to uphold the values and institutions of society and generally resist attempts to alter them

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BARRY GOLDWATER

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1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

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RICHARD M. NIXON

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He was selected to be the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party nominee, in the 1952 Presidential election, becoming one of the youngest Vice Presidents in history. Allegedly campaign donors were buying influence with Nixon by providing him with a secret cash fund for his personal expenses. Nixon appeared on television on September 23, 1952, to defend himself against the allegations.

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ROE V WADE

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(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

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REGENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA V BAKKE

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1978 state university couldn't admit less qualified individuals solely based on race; no quotas

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14 POINTS

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Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination)no colonial powers grabbing nations, free trade, no secret pacts, freedom of the seas, arms reduction, creation of world orginization/League of Nations.

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GEORGE W BUSH

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43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

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BILL CLINTON

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42nd President of the United States (1946-)

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OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM

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an invasion led by the United States in 2003 to stop the development of nuclear waepons by Iraq

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ELECTORAL COLLEGE

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the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

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LEAUGE OF NATIONS

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an international organazation up after World War I to prevent futer wars

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COMMUNISM

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a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

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COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION

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Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991; the Cold War also ended during

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SOCIALISM

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a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

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RED SCARE

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Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

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OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM

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US invades afghanistan to eliminate taliban to destroy Al Qaeda

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JIMMY CARTER

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The 39th President who created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

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IRAN CONTRA SCANDAL

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Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.

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IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS

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Chinese Exclusion act of 1882, Literacy Tests in native language for 16 and older (if they were illiterate they may not have been able to read and write in native language), 1921 emergency quota act, gentlemen's agreement of 1907, national origins act of 1924

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RONALD REGAN

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the president of the US at the end of the cold war who encouraged Americans to mistrust communists

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RADIO

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emerged during the 1920s and contained stations such as church services, news, music and sports

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MOVIES

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industry grew from 1920 on--First talkie movie in 1927

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JAZZ

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a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles

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HARLEM RENAISSANCE

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a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

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LANGSTON HUGHES

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A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

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LOUIS ARMSTRONG

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Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

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TIN PAN ALLEY

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is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

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TRUSTS

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Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

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WAR ON TERRORISM

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U.S. launched an attack on Afghanistan that drove the Taliban from power

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THOMAS EDISON

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United States inventor

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ELECTRIC LIGHTBULB

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Thomas Edison used carbon wrapped cardboard to act as a filament to sustain a source of light without fire.

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PHONOGRAPH

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machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified acoustically or electronically

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IMPEACHMENT OF BILL CLINTON

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was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of perjury(lying under oath) and obstruction of justice on December 19, 1998, but acquitted(freed) by the Senate on February 12, 1999. Two other impeachment articles, a second perjury charge and a charge of abuse of power, failed in the House.

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IRANIAN REVOLUTION

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leader was khomeini. people were upset because their leader (the shah) was not chosen by them and back up by europe and the US. they believed their resources were being abused and wanted change. revolution was intended to turn iran into aw purely islamic state. new government followed the sharia and all western culture was banned.

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REAGANOMICS

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The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

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MOTION PICTURES

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a series of filmed images projected on a screen so rapidly the illusion of motion is created.

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SITTING BULL

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American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

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WOUNDED KNEE

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In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

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ELLIS ISLAND

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an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States

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AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR

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a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

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GERALD FORD

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president 1974-77, Nixon's Vice president, only person not voted into the White House, appointed vice president by Nixon: became president after Nixon resigned

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SAMUEL GOMPERS

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United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

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PULLMAN STRIKE

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in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

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MUCKRAKERS

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This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

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CHINESE LABORERS

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worked for lower wages than most other workers would work for

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STEEL INDUSTRY

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An example of big buisness that was made possiable by Captain of Indusry Andrew Carnegie. It helped fuel industrialism in America amd the manufacturing center was Pittsburgh.

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STANDARD OIL COMPANY

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Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

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KU KLUX KLAN

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a secret society of white Southerners in the United States

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RAILROAD INDUSTRIES

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Transcontinental Railroad

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TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

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Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

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14TH AMENDMENT

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Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

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PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR

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fought to quell Filipino resistance to American control of the Philippine Islands. Filipino guerrilla soldiers finally gave up when their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, was captured.

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ENVIORNMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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EPA; created by Nixon to enforce standars on pollution levels and monitor enviornmental quality.

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HENRY FORD

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United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

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15TH AMENDMENT

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citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

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MOREHOUSE COLLEGE

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founded in Atlanta to educate freedmen, MLK was a graduate

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FREEDMANS BUREAU

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The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

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ANDREW JOHNSONS IMPEACHMENT

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Congress passed tenure of office act to fire his seceratry stantion but then the house representives decide to impeach Johnson charging him with high crimes of misdemenors because he refused to hold up tenure office act and he removed 4 commanders of miliarty

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BLACK CODES

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Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

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BIG BUSINESSES

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Standard oil company , carnigee steel corp.,jpmorgan banking , rockefella

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U.S NEUTRALITY

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The outbreak of war surprised most Americans. They tended to view the war as a strictly European matter. President Woodrow Wilson received strong support when he announced a policy of neutrality. This was held until the Lusitania incident.

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18TH AMENDMENT

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Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

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ESPIONAGE ACT

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This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

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AMERICAN EXPANSION

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...

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SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

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In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

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CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

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(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

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ANTI IMMIGRATION SENTIMENT

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government act against immigration,, The dislike of New Immigrants caused the government to place quotas on immigration, which limited the number of new immigrants coming into the United States, but allowed more Old Immigrants to make their way into the U.S.

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NAACP

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality

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PLESSY V FERGUSON

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a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

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UPTON SINCLAIR

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United States writer whose novels argued for social reform (1878-1968)

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TENNESSEE VALLY AUTHORITY

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established in 1933 to build dams and power plants along the Tennessee River and its tributaries.

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SECOND NEW DEAL

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rograms President Roosevelt instituted after his original New Deal failed to completely fix the American economy.

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WAGNER ACT

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his law established collective bargaining rights for workers and prohibited such unfair labor practices as intimidating workers, attempting to keep workers from organizing unions, and firing union members.

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INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM

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committed to craft-based workers such as carpenters and railroad engineers.

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SOCIAL SECURITY ACT

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1. Old-age insurance for retirees aged 65 or older and their spouses, paid half by the employee and half by the employer 2. Unemployment compensation paid by a federal tax on employers and administered by the states 3. Aid for the disabled and for families with dependent children paid by the federal government and administered by the states

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ELANOR ROOSEVELT

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As a supporter of women's activism, she was also instrumental in convincing Roosevelt to appoint more women to government positions.

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HUEY LONG

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sights on replacing Roosevelt as president. Long proposed for every American a home, food, clothes, and an education, among other things.

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NEUTRALITY ACTS

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to make it illegal to sell arms or make loans to nations at war. The fourth of these acts, passed in 1939 in recognition of the Nazi threat to Western Europe's democracies, permitted the sale of arms to nations at war on a "cash and carry" basis.

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COURT PACKING BILL

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FDR tried to appoint supreme court officials to make the supreme court more democratic in order to pass more bills, unconstitutional

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ALLIED POWERS

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France, Britain, USSR, United States, and China as well as 45 other countries that opposed the Axis powers in World War II

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AXIS POWERS

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in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936.

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A PHILIP RANDOLPH

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America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

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PEARL HARBOR

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United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

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INTERMENT

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Confinement under guard, especially during wartime

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MOBILIZATION

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act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

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WARTIME CONSERVATION

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Workers would carpool to work or ride bicycles to save gasoline and rubber. People participated in nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, newspaper, rags, and even cooking grease to recycle and use in war production. Another way Americans conserved on the home front was through the mandatory government rationing system.

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RATIONING

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a limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use

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LEND LEASE

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A program under which the United States supplied U.K, USSR, China, France, and other allied nations with vast amounts of war meterial between 1941 and 1945 in return for, in the case of Britain, Military bases in New Foundland, Bermuda, and the British West Indies. It began in March 1941, nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It was abruptly stopped by the Americans immediately after V-J day.

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BATTLE OF MIDWAY

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U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

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D DAY

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June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

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BATTLE OF BERLIN

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one of the final battles[3] of the European Theatre of World War II. Two massive Soviet army groups attacked Berlin from the east and south. The battle lasted from late April 1945 until early May. Before it was over, Adolf Hitler committed suicide. The city's defenders surrendered on May 2, 1945, although some fighting continued until the end of the war in Europe on May 8th (May 9th to the USSR) 1945

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ATOM BOMB

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a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239)

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LOS ALAMOS

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New Mexico where A-bomb detonated for first time July 1945; now we have 2 left

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THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

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a secret research and development project of the US to develop the atomic bomb. Its success granted the US the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era

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MARSHAL PLAN

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George Marshal the US secretary of state saw Europe as very important to the USA, he saw the best way to keep them out of communism is to help restore their countries in 1947, June, and he proposed a plan to provide massive economic aid to Europe

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CONTAINMENT

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(military) the act of containing something or someone

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TRUMAN DOCTRINE

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First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

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KOREAN WAR

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The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

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McCARTHYISM

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The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

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CUBAN REVOLUTION

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(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

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BAY OF PIGS

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In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

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CUBAN MISSEL CRISIS

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Soviet Union builds nuclear installation inside Cuba, U.S. saw this as threat, Soviets pulled missels back with threat of war

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VIETNAM WAR

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The Vietnam War was a struggle for control of Vietnam. While the conflict originally began during the French colonial rule in the region, the United States became involved inthe 1950s by providing economic and limited military aid. Following French withdrawal in 1954, Vietnam was divided, with communist forces in the North and a pro-Western regime in control of the South.

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TET OFFENSIVE

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In 1968, the Vietcong and North Vietnamese army started the eight-month-long Tet Offensive. It was the Vietcong's largest and most damaging campaign of the entire war.

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BABY BOOM

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. From the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s, the birthrate quickly increased, reaching its high point in 1957, a year when over 4 million babies were born.

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LEVITTOWN

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The first master-planned community in America was William Levitt's Levittown, located on New York's Long Island.

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INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACT

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uthorizing the construction of a national network of highways to connect every major city in America.

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KENNEDY/NIXON PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES

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he first ones ever shown on TV. Seventy million people tuned in. Although Nixon was more knowledgeable about foreign policy and other topics,

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TV NEWS COVERAGE OF CVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

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helped many Americans turn their sympathies toward ending racial segregation and persuaded Kennedy that new laws were the only ways to end the racial violence and to give African Americans the civil rights they were demanding.

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AIR CONDITIONING

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permitted more tolerable working conditions in skyscrapers and other buildings used for conducting business, thereby encouraging urban development and stimulating economic growth in hot and humid climates.

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PERSONAL COMPUTER

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a small digital computer based on a microprocessor and designed to be used by one person at a time

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SPUTNIK I

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In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite—Sputnik I—a feat that caused many Americans to believe the United States had "fallen behind" the Soviet Union in terms of understanding science and the uses of technology.

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JACKIE ROBINSON

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1947--Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play for a major league baseball team in the United States, the Brooklyn Dodgers.

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HARRY TRUMAN

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1948--President Harry Truman issued an executive order to integrate the U.S. armed forces and to end discrimination in the hiring of U.S. government employees. In turn, this led to the civil rights laws enacted in the 1960s.

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BROWN V BOARD OF EDU

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the case that ruled the seprate but equal was NOT equal , segregation based upon race, violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amend.

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MLK LETTER FROM BIRMIINGHAM JAIL

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address fears white religiousleaders had that he was moving too fast toward desegregation. In his letter, King explained why victims of segregation, violent attacks, and murder found it difficult to wait for those injustices to end.

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I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH

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o over 250,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. In this speech, King asked for peace and racial harmony.

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VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

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outlawed the requirement for would-be voters in the United States to take literacy tests to register to vote, because this requirement was judged as unfair to minorities.

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MIRANDA V ARIZONA

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Police must inform suspects of their constitutional rights at the time of arrest. The case involved a man named Ernesto Miranda, who was convicted and imprisoned after signing a confession although, at the time of his arrest, the police questioned him without telling him he had the right to speak with an attorney and the right to stay silent. The Miranda decision strengthened Americans' individual rights.

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ASSASINATION OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY

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...

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GREAT SOCIETY

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During a 1964 speech, President Johnson summed up his vision for America in the phrase "the Great Society." His programs to make the United States a great society would give all Americans a better standard of living and greater opportunities regardless of their background.

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TET OFFENSIVE

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..., 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

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ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JR

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April 4th, 1968, he was shot while standing on the balcony of his room in Memphis, TN. The assassination led to riots in more than 100 cities. MLK Jr. was seen as a threat by those who opposed civil rights and the gains he was helping to orchestrate. James Earl Ray was arrested for the assassination of Dr. King. The reason has never clearly been established. Some beleive it was because he didn't like what he was doing, he was a racist, he was payed to do it, or some accomadations like these given.

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MEDICARE

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program is an important legacy of the Great Society, as are policies and programs that sought to improve elementary and secondary education, to protect the environment, and to reform immigration policies.

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1968 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION

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Chicago is remembered as a scene where police armed with clubs and tear gas violently beat antiwar protesters on live TV.

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WARREN COURT

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was known, became famous for issuing landmark decisions, such as declaring that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education, that the Constitution includes the right to privacy, that the right of free speech protects students who wear armbands as an antiwar protest on school grounds, and that all states must obey all decisions of the Supreme Court.

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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

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was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. This law prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. It allowed all citizens the right to enter any park, restroom, library, theater, and public building in the United States.

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UPTON SINCLAIR

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muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

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CESAR CHAVEZ

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1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

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INITIATIVE

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allowed all citizens to introduce a bill into the legislative and required members to take a vote on it

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DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS

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part of the 17th amendment which states that each state should have 2 senators in the House of Senate and they can be changed or re-elected every 6 years. The house of Senate is divided up in a way so that 1/3 of the house is up for re-election every 2 years. At first, it was the state legislature who elected the senators, but after reform, it changed to the people electing the senators for their state.

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TREATY OF GUADELUPE HILDALGO

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1848- The treaty that ended the Mexican American War, USA gains present day CA, NM, AZ, NV, CO, UT, and disputed TX

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IDA TARBELL

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A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

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REFERENDUM

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a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

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STUDENT NON VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE

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Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

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JIM CROW

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Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

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GREAT MIGRATION

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movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

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RECALL

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the act of removing an official by petition

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UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

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A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

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PANAMA CANAL

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Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

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ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT

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Efforts by citizens at the grassroots level to demand that political leaders enact laws and develop policies to curtail pollution, clean up polluted environments, and protect pristine areas and species from environmental degradation.

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ROOSEVELT CORROLLARY

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With the addition of the Roosevelt Corrollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, it installed the use of naval power for foreign policy in Latin America and the Carribean

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HULL HOUSE

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Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

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IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS

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In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

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NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

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Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries.

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