APUSH: Chapter 4: "Slavery, Freedom, and Struggle for Empire to 1763."
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Middle Passage
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The route form which slaves were taken from Africa to the West Indies; very inhumane passage for the most part with slaves packed in together and treated as if it didn't matter if they died
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Triangular Trade
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Commerce between America, the West Indies, and Africa consisting of slaves and goods (sugar, rum, and molasses); began the growth of commerce in colonial America.
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Creole
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Mix of black and white.
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Task System
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Task (rice culture): The sleeves were assigned one task in the morning in freedom after completing the job
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Gullah
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A hybrid of English and African tongues; reinforced slaves' sense of connection with their African ancestry and allowed them to talk with their masters understanding.
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Georgia/Oglethorpe
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Founded by James Oglethorpe, border against the Spanish (Florida), and a haven for the debtors and poor. originally, it excluded slaves, Africans and Catholics
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Stono Rebellion
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1739, slave revolt by 100 slaves who seized weapons, killed several whites, and tried to escape to Florida; This was the most important of the slave revolts.
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Republicanism
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Meant a government without a king. Celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as the essence of liberty. Assumed that only property-owning citizens possessed \"virtue.\"
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Deference
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Submitting to authority.
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Salutary Neglect
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British relations with the Americans - they avoided strict enforcement of laws UNTIL they started taxing (1763)
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Zenger Trial
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One of the most famous colonial court cases involving freedom of the press demonstrated that popular view opposed prosecutions for criticism of public officials. Wrote about governor corruption, influence peddling, and tyranny. Zenger was not found guilty.
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The Enlightenment
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A great upheaval (mid 1600s to the late 1700s) of the culture in the colonies in scientific and intellectual ways; It helped to undermine the power of traditional authority.
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The Great Awakening
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The 1st big American revival, started because of concerns about declining piety lasting form the 1730s to about 1750; This changed aspects about Christianity in colonial America.
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George Whitfield
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Powerful open-air preacher & an associate of the Wesleys made several evangelizing tours through colonies + drew tremendous crowds - lead to the Great Awakening.
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Jonathan Edwards
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Great Awakening preacher who was a deeply orthodox Puritan with highly original theology. He attacked the doctorines of easy salvation, but preached predestination, sovereignty of God, and told vivid descriptions of hell that terrified listeners.
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How did African slavery differ regionally in 18th century North America?
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African slavery was largely regionalized in the 18th century North America. Slavery was largely rejected by the North and was eventually banned but the South favored it because of its cheap labor.
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What factors led to distinct African-American cultures in the 18th century?
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The harsh living conditions, low birth rate, and seldom contact with whites caused African-American cultures to be distinctively different.
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Using 18th century concepts of Republicanism, who had the right to vote in the British colonies and how were these restrictions justified?
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Determined by wealth. Property-owners should vote. Ben Franklin wrote \"only a virtuous people are capable of freedom.\"
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How did the Great Awakening challenge the religious and social structure of British North America?
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The Great Awakening challenged religious and social because it was attempting to use these things for profit. Ministers were claiming to be able to free people from sins if they donated enough money to the church; this caused the church to become very corrupt. The old light and new light created a gap between the English and the Americas.
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Chesapeake and North Carolina
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Major Economy: Tobacco Dominant Labor Force: Smaller plantations with substantial master-slave contact.
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South Carolina and Georgia
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Major Economy: Rice and indigo Dominant Labor Force: Large plantations with intensive slave labor.
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Middle Colonies
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Major Economy: Large-scale farms, family farms, urban trade, and commerce. Dominant Labor Force: Indentured servants on large farms. Urban laborers and artisans.
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New England
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Major Economy: Family farms. Urban trade and commerce Dominant Labor Force: Family members on farms. Urban laborers and artisans.
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New Spain
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Major Economy: Large-scale agriculture. Cattle raising. Dominant Labor Force: Native Americans attached to lands.
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The Middle Ground
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Along western borders of English settlement, Europeans and Indians lived together in regions in which neither side was able to establish clear dominance. Conformed to one and other, ended when English settlers took over, unable to continue French ways, and subjugated (conquer) Indians.
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Albany Plan of Union (1754)
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Proposal to unify a government of 13 colonies by Benjamin Franklin; would have a president general and grand council legislature -- but NO colony approved it
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Peace of Paris (1763)
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Ended the 7 year war, it was when George III ascended (took over) the throne and fired William Pitt. British gained the French lands in America & agreed to protect Catholics in America.
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Pontiac's Rebellion
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An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. -They opposed British expansion into Ohio Valley and destroyed British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
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Proclamation of 1763
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After conflicts with Indians, it prohibited settlers to go past the Appalachian Mountains. London controlled the western movements of whites - failed to meet Indian expectations.
