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in regards to education, early nineteenth century republicans favored

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establishment of nationwide system of public schools to create an educated electorate

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in the early nineteenth century school education

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not provided by state, provided by religious groups @ private institutions; accepted only male students; female education only made better wives & mothers

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the writer Judith Sargent Murray argued that

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men and women were equal in intellect and potential; women should have the same educational opportunities as men

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Thomas Jefferson believed american indians were primitive people

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a.k.a. "noble savages"; uncivilized but not inferior

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around 1800 higher education in the united states

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less widely available;

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the first american medical school

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university of Pennsylvania

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in the study of medicine during the early nineteenth century

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studied medicine by working with an established practitioner

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the expansion of the medical profession during the early nineteenth century

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led to a decline of midwifery

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noah webster, education

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argued american students should be educated as patriots, their mind filled with nationalistic, american thoughts; "American Spelling Book"

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the writer Washington Irving

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wrote satirical histories of early american life and powerful fables of society in the new world

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the religious concept of Deism

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originated in france by enlightenment philosophers; accepted existence of God but thought he withdrew from direct involvement with human race and its sins

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religious skepticism

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produced "universalism" and "unitarianism"

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the second great awakening

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conservative theologians attempted to fight the spread of religious rationalism and to encourage church establishments to revitalize their organizations

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the second great awakening helped spread all of the following denominations

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Presbyterians, Methodists, & Baptists

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the message of the second great awakening

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individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives; must embrace a fervent, active piety, and must reject the skeptical rationalism that threatened traditional beliefs

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the revivalism of the great awakening

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prevalent in white communities; penetrated black cultures as well; black preachers emerged; strong with native americans too, revived tribal experiences

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the second great awakening, handsome lake

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prophet; "rebirth" after years of alcoholism; claimed to have met Jesus who told him to tell everyone else to quit their addictions

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the cotton gin, invention

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performed the arduous task of stripping the seeds from the cotton fiber; revolutionized cotton production; gin = short for engine

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the invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century, effects

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incentive to develop an american textile industry; drove a wedge between the nations most populous regions

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eli whitney is a major figure in american technology for introducing

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a machine to make each part of a gun according to an exact pattern

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in the early eighteenth century the americans robert fulton and robert livingston

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perfecting and bringing the steamboat to attention; The Clermont sailed up Hudson River in 1807; demonstrated Steam Navigation

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the early nineteenth century in america is known as the turnpike era

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1792- toll road running 60 miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster; other companies laid out similar turnpikes

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in 1800 the population data of the united states

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Philadelphia = 70,000 & New York = 60,000

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in the united states during the early nineteenth century, horse racing

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becames a popular sport in most areas of the country; first racing track in Nashville Tennessee

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the chief designer of the capital city of washington

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Pierre L'Enfant

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in 1800 washington DC

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didn't seem as good as Philadelphia or New York

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in the early nineteenth century many members of congress

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never viewed Washington as a home but as a place to visit briefly during sessions of the legislature and leave as quickly as possible; most lived in simple boarding houses

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as president thomas jefferson, public image

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democratic simplicity, wealthy, aristocratic planter, owner of 100+ Slaves, PLAIN image, walked like ordinary citizen, disregarded courtly etiquette, didn't bother to dress up, brilliant conversationalist, gifted writer, intelligent, creative, shrewd/practical politician,

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in his first term, president thomas jefferson, military

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reduced army of men from 4,000 to 2,500; cut navy from 25 ships to 7; not a pacifist; he believed it's safe to have a smaller army; est. United States Military Academy at West Point

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during his first term, president thomas jefferson

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Cut national debt almost in half; ended annual tribute to Barbary States

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

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William Marbury - midnight appointment of John Adams, named a justice of the peace, never received commission, felt like he deserved it when Jefferson was appointed President, James Madison refused to hand over position; concluded: Marbury had a right to his commission, but Madison was not forced to give it to him

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John Marshall

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chief justice ruling at the time of the Marbury v. madison case; federalist; Virginia lawyer

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in 1802, president thomas jefferson and new orleans

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American Ships sailing the Mississippi River are forbidden to deposit their cargo in New Orleans to oceangoing vessels; closed the lower Mississippi to American shippers

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napoleon and the lousiana territory

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Napoleon afraid American Forces might soon descend on New Orleans and that the US would form an Alliance with Great Britain; Napoleon accepted Livingston's proposal & offered the US the entire Louisiana Territory

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the treaty terms for the louisiana purchase

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April 30, 1803 - United States was to pay 80 million francs (15 million USD) to french govt; US grant certain privileges to France in New Orleans Port; US incorporated residents of Louisiana into the union w/ same rights as other citizens; no clear boundaries but to occupy same space as Spain and France did

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when thomas jefferson received the treaty for the Louisiana purchase, he

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pleased about terms of bargain; embarrassed that the US didn't have certainty to accept it, acquiring territory wasn't mentioned in the Constitution

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the first state to be created from the louisiana purchase and admitted to the union, others that followed

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Louisiana = first state

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the lewis and clark expedition

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Meriwether Lewis & William Clark led by Sacajawea in spring 1804 to cross rocky mountains, snake & columbia rivers & reached Pacific coast in autumn 1805; reported back to St. Louis in September 1806 w/ records of geography, Indians & diaries

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the explorations of zebulon pike

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Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike led expedition into upper Arkansas Valley into colorado where he identified a Peak

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in 1804 the federalists known as essex junto

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most extreme federalists; only recourse for New England was to secede from the union and form a separate "Northern Confederacy"

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the duel between aaron burr and alexander hamilton

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Hamilton's greatest rival = Aaron Burr; Burr agreed to support Federalist plans for succession; Hamilton accused Burr of treason; Burr lost NY election & blamed Hamilton; Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel; Hamilton agreed (duel = sign of honor) bc didn't want to seem cowardly; Hamilton mortally injured & died next day

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during the jefferson administration, the british impressment

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British Navy = floating hell; Brits impressed (forced) into service; many deserted it & joined American Merchant Marine (American Navy); British claimed right to stop and search American Merchant Ships and reimpress deserters

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the chesapeake-leopard incident

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American- Chesapeake & British- Leopard American commander James Barron refused to allow British to search Chesapeake, Leopard opened fire, Barron surrendered, Leopard dragged 4 men off Chesapeake greatly angered americans & made them seek revenge; Jefferson & Madison remained peace

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the embargo act of 1807

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prohibited american ships from leaving the united states for any foreign port anywhere in the world; caused severe depression; during depression was election of 1808, Madison appointed President, but Jefferson removed experiment before resigned with his "peaceable coercion"

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the nonintercourse act

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replaced Embargo; reopened trade with all the nations except Great Britain and France; expired a year later

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in 1810, macon's bill #2

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after Non Intercourse Act expired; this conditionally reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France; France declined and Great Britain repealed its blockade of Europe

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president thomas jefferson's indian policy

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offered 2 choices: 1. convert themselves into settles farmers and assimilate (be a part of white society) 2. migrate to west of the Mississippi

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william henry harrison's governorship of the indiana territory

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used threats and bribery to acquire indian lands in 1807 such as Eastern Michigan, Southern Indiana, & most of Illinois

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Tecumseh

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chief of Shawnees A.K.A. the shooting star; warned of tribes extermination if they did not take action against the white americans moving into their land; united Indians of Mississippi valley

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Tenskwatawa

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religious leader A.K.A. the prophet; received awakening in recovering from alcoholism; inspired a religious revival that spread through tribes and helped unite them

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the desire by american southerners to acquire florida

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continuing threat to whites in southern United States: 1. slaves escaped across Florida border 2. indians launched frequent raids north into white settlements from florida 3. ran rivers that would provide residents of the Southwest with access to valuable ports on the Gulf of Mexico

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war hawks

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large number of representatives of both parties eager for war with Britain

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in the war of 1812, Britain turned its full military attention to america after

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the french empire on its way to Final Defeat

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American commitment in the war of 1812

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started off very enthusiastic but moral became defeated

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during the war of 1812, the united states achieved early military success

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on the Great Lakes

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during the war of 1812, the battle of thames

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William Henry Harrison went up Thames River; October 5, 1813; won a victory notable of the death of Tecumseh (serving as a general in British Army); weakened & disheartened the Native Americans of the NW/diminished their ability to defend claims to the region

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at the battle of horseshoe bend, in 1814, andrew jackson

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march 27, 1814 - Andrew Jackson/his men sought revenge on Indians (slaughtered men, women & children); tribe ceded land to US & retreated further west; jackson commissioned major general in US Army; also captured Spanish fort at Pensacola

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in 1814, the british in washington, three prong attack plan

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august 24, 1814 - british troops entered Washington and set fire to public buildings including the white house; low point in american fortunes

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fort mchenry, francis scott key

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Britain proceeded up to capture baltimore which was protected by Fort McHenry - american garrison had sunk ships to clog harbor, forcing the british to bombard the fort from a distance; September 13- Francis Scott Key wrote a poem later adapted into the Star Spangled Banner (our national anthem)

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in the war of 1812, the battle of new orleans

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British veterans prepared to advance up Mississippi River to New Orleans; they did on January 8, 1815; British no match for jackson's troops; British retreated; later realized Britain and US had signed a peace treaty a few weeks prior

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during the war of 1812, the hartford convention

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made irrelevant by the battle of new orleans; met December 15, 1814; proposed 7 amendments to the Constitution to protect New England from growing influence of the south & the west

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the treaty of ghent that ended the war of 1812

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Americans gave up demand for British renunciation of impressment & the cession of Canada to the US; British abandoned call for the creation of an Indian buffer state in the NW; signed Christmas eve 1814

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the rush bagot agreement of 1817

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provided for the mutual disarmament on the Great Lakes

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