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Private promoters

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Initially unwilling to pay for initial losses of building railroads in rural America

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Liberal money loans

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Passed by Congress due to military and postal needs and with donations for parallel tracks

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Giveways

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Unclaimed lands given away by Cleveland, heavily criticized

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Government benefits from the system of railroads

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long-term preferential rates for post and military services, cheap way to improve transportation systems because it avoided new taxes, land could be turned into gold for collateral

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Frontier villages

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Villages along railroads which flourished, some became ghost towns when railroads did not bring enough people or business

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Transcontinental Deadlock ending

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Secession left the railroad building to the North, helped bind the Union together

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Central Pacific Railroad

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A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad

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Big Four

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nickname given to the chief financial backers of the railroads which included leland stanford and collis p.huntington

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Wedding of the Rails

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nickname for the site where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in Ogden, Utah

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Railroads

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Made of steel. Made local transit reliable and westward expansion possible for business and people. Before the civil war there was only about 30,000 miles of laid track, by 1890 the figure was nearly 6 times that; increased trade with Asia, tied Union together

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4 major railroads

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Northern Pacific, Atchinson, Southern Pacific, Great Northern

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James J. Hill

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driving force of the Gr. Northern Railway , Became a Shipping Agent For Winnipeg Merchants Nicknamed the "Empire Builder"

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Problems with Railroads

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overoptimism, enough potential population to run the railroad, railroads that lead to nowhere, bankruptcy, trusting investors

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Cornelius Vanderbuilt

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Bought New York Central Railroad and added other lines to it

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Improvements which helped the railroad industry

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Steel rail (vanderbuilt), Westinghouse air brakes, Pullman palace cars, efficiency and safety

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New Settlers

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Moving towards the midwest and plains, praires

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Time Zones

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Developed for railroads for keeping for schedules

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Jay Gould

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He, like other railroad kings, controlled the lives of the people more than the president did and pushed the way to cooperation among the kings where they developed techniques such as pooling.

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Stock Watering

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originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value

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Pools

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agreements between companies to maintain prices at a certain level

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American Dream

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Kept battles of economic justice low

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Wabash Case

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In this case, the Supreme Court severely limited the right of states to regulate businesses that dealt with interstate commerce. This meant only the federal government had a power that had been granted to the states. Farmers responded to this case with increased political organizing, and Congress responded by creating the first real business regulatory body: the Interstate Commerce Commission.

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Legislature

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Where farmers turned their protests to first in their attempts to stop the monopoly

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Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

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banned rebates, pools, required railroads to openly publish rates & forbade discrimination against shippers, banned charging more for short haul than long one ;; set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

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Why America Became the Leading Manufacturing Nation

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liquid capital, natural resources, mass immigration, technological advancements

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Eli Whitney

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an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

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Alexander Graham Bell

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He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

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Thomas Alva Edison

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an inventor in Menlo Park best known for invention of the light-bulb, phonograph, the battery and the motion picture

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Andrew Carnegie

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Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

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John D Rockefeller

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an American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he retired in the late 1890s. He kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history

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Vertical Integration

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practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products

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Horizontal Integration

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A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

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Trust

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a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service

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Bessemer Process

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an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities. Improved by Kelley's fool steel which made steel stronger and cheaper

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J.P. Morgan

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Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

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Drake's Folly

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in 1859 in pennsylvania where the first oil well drilled and it pour out its "black gold"

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Corsairs of Finance

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Era of free enterprise, low ethics

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Giant American Beauty Rose

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Rockefeller's use of spies, vertical intergeneration, cheapest price, most efficient

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Gospel of Wealth

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the belief that those entrusted with societys riches had to prove themselves morally responsible; supported by Carnegie

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Russell Conwell

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He was a Revered and a staunch advocate of Social Darwinism. He helped the justification of the rich and the need to not help the poor in his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture.

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14th Amendment

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Excuse used by lawyers which said cooperations were a "legal" person but industries still remained in easy states to protect themselves

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

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First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal; useless and trusts started again under McKinely

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Sharecroppers

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African Americans would become this and then be pulled into the cycle of poverty

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James Buchanan Duke

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Mechanized the tobacco industry and made cigarettes into machine made items instead of handrolled. Sig: was a trust giant, and founded duke university

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Henry W. Grady

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Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.

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Pittsburgh Plus

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Against the south where railroads would charge more going down south than going north

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Gibson Girl

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the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson

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Female Workers

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Same poor conditions as men with less pay

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Working Class

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Delt with job uncertainty and unemployment

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Industrial Revolution

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Flooded the American market so it birthed American imperialism

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Manual Skills

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Dismissed the lack of originality and creativity, new machines displaced employees

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Scabs

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Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

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Yellow Dog Contracts

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contracts employees signed, giving them low wages and conditions like not joining unions

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Blacklisting

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Stopped a worker from working anywhere else if he striked

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Scrip

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temporary substitute for money, securities, or other valuable claims. Business enterprises and municipalities have at times, especially when short of cash, paid employees in scrip, and communities have facilitated trade by using it.; forced workers to become completely loyal to their companies

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The National Labor Union

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1st large scale union founded in 1866 to organize skill and unskilled workers. Blacks and women couldn't join. Fought for shorter workdays, higher wages, and better working conditions. Fell apart after the depression of 1873.

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Colored National Labor Union

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since blacks couldn't join white unions they form their own union, racism prevents the two from ever working together; goal of arbitration

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Knights of Labor

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national labor union that was open to nearly all workers. It was a secret society. They were open to all, therefore more equal than others, but more importantly, it gave them a large population, which led them to gain an 8 hour day after many strikes.

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Terence V. Powderly

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Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)

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May Day Strike

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Knights of L strike in Chicago, joined by foreign born anarchists

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Haymarket Square

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Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor, v, recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed.

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American Federation of Labor

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1886 founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, willing to let unskilled fend for themselves, small minority

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Closed Shop

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A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.

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