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Laissez-faire

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In economics, this means allowing industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies.

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Social Darwinism

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A theory that the laws of evolution by natural selection also apply to social structures.

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Gilded Age

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Refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century (1865-1901).

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"Survival of the fittest"

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A nineteenth century concept that the strongest survive. Often called "Social Darwinism."

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"Waving the bloody shirt"

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Keeping alive bitter feelings against the South was known as this. Northern politicians used this tactic to rally support against the Democratic party.

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Greenbacks

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Refers to paper currency that was issued by the North during the American Civil War.

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Severalty

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The sole holding of property by someone; individual ownership of real estate.

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Bonanza farm

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Very large farms in the United States performing large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat.

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Poll tax

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A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote.

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Literacy test

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An exam to determine that a voter can read, write and understand public issues, used to deter African Americans from voting.

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Land grant

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A gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service.

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Grand Army of the Republic

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Following the Civil War, Union soldiers founded this organization, which grew to 409,000 members by 1890. It put pressure on Congress to aid veterans with disabilities (service-connected or otherwise) and all former Union soldiers. One of the first organized advocacy groups in America.

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Concentration policy

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A method of defeating Native Americans in the western territories by creating definite hunting grounds for separate tribes. The policy's aim was to cut down on intertribal warfare and to enable the government to negotiate separately with each tribe.

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Custer's Last Stand

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A battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command)

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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1896 - a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

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Atlanta Compromise

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Classic statement on race relations by Booker T. Washington, made in a speech at the Atlanta Exposition (1895). He asserted that vocational education, which gave blacks a chance for economic security, was more valuable than social equality or political office.

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Civil Rights Cases

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1883 - a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review. The Court held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the enforcement provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments.

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Chisholm Trail

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A trail used in the late 19th century to drive cattle overland from ranches in Texas to Kansas railheads.

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Burlingame Treaty

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Treaty between the United States and China which amended the Treaty of Tientsin and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. It was ratified in 1868.

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Sand Creek Massacre

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An incident in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Indians, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

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Black Hills

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Mountains in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming; sacred to the Sioux (whites settling in this area led to the Battle of Little Bighorn); site of Mount Rushmore.

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Pacific Railway Act

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(1862)- a series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

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Comstock Lode

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The first major U.S. discovery of silver ore, located under what is now Virginia City, Nevada, on the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a peak in the Virginia Range.

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Timber Culture Act

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A follow-up act to the Homestead Act. Was passed by Congress in 1873, providing free access to timber on federal lands.

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Timber and Stone Act

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1878 - the United States sold Western timberland for $2.50 per acre in 160 acre blocks under this act.

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Desert Land Act

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Act passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1877 to encourage and promote the economic development of the arid and semiarid public lands of the Western United States.

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Booker T. Washington

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BookAn American political leader, educator, orator and author. He was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915. He was representative of the last generation of black leaders born in slavery and spoke on behalf of blacks living in the South.

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William Graham Sumner

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An American academic and professor at Yale College. He is credited with introducing the term "ethnocentrism," a term intended to identify imperialists' chief means of justification, in his book Folkways (1906). Was also the first to teach a course entitled "Sociology".

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Joseph G. McCoy

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(1837-1915) Founder of the cattle trade in Kansas, originator of the Abilene Cattle Trail, and cattle baron in his own right.

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Joseph F. Glidden

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(1813-1906)A native of New Hampshire, an Illinois farmer when he developed a commonplace product that would transform the West: barbed wire.

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W.J. Fetterman

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An officer in the United States Army during the American Civil War and the subsequent Red Cloud's War on the Great Plains. He and his immediate command were killed during the Fetterman massacre.

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J.M. Chivington

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19th century United States Army officer noted for his role in the New Mexico Campaign of the American Civil War and in the Colorado War. He was celebrated as the hero of the 1862 Battle of Glorieta Pass against a Confederate supply train. Later he became infamous for his role in leading the 1864 Sand Creek Massacre of about 150 peacefully encamped Cheyenne and Arapaho, mostly women and children.

APUSH – Ch. 17 (Last West/New South) – Flashcards

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