question

By the mid-1840's, the American west

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was extensively populated

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Indian tribes of the Pacific coast of the far west

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creek was NOT found on the Pacific coast of the Far West

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In the mid-nineteenth century, the Plains indians were

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the most widespread Indian groups in the West

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Indian tribes included among the Plains Indians

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Chumash NOT included among the Plains Indians

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Statements regarding Hispanic New Mexico

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FALSE: Taos Indians, allied with Navajo and Apaches, forced out Anglo-Americans until 1847

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During the 1840's, Hispanics living in California

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lost ownership of large areas of lands

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During the 19th century, in the far west the term "coolie"

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referred to Chinese indentured servants

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In the 1840's and 1850's in the far west, the response by white americans to the Chinese

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moved from initial acceptance of them to gradual opposition

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The chinese from California became the major source of labor for the transcontinental railroad

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because they worked for lower wages than what whites would accept

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In the 1870s, in the far west the largest single chinese community

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San Francisco

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Chinese tongs

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were secret societies

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The chinese exclusion act of 1882

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resulted in the deportation of half of the Chinese in the United States

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The homestead act of 1862

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was expanded by the Timber Culture Act

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By 1900, american territories in the contiguous united states that had been granted statehood

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1/3 that wasn't granted statehood = Colorado

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In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working class in the western economy

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highly multiracial, highly divided along racial lines, paid higher wages than workers in the East

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In the late 19th century, major western industries

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NOT fur trading

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Mining in the west

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produced the region's first economic boom

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The comstock lode

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produced primarily silver

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Women in the 19th century western mining towns

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often found work doing domestic tasks

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The western cattle industry, Mexican ranchers **

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all of the above

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In the 1860's, cattle drivers from texas to missouri

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saw the herds suffer heavy losses, proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets, established a link to the booming urban markets of the East

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The town which reigned as the railhead of the cattle kingdom for many years

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Abilene, Kansas

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In the late 19th century, "range wars" in the west

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were between white American ranchers and farmers

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In the 1880's decline of the open range cattle industry

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due to drought

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In the late 19th century, the popular image of the American west

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presented a heroic image of cowboys, perceived the region to be a place offering true freedom, was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School

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The "Rocky Mountain School" of painting

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helped inspire a growth of tourism in the West

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In Owen Wister's novel, the Virginian (1902), the american cowboy was

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portrayed as a simple and virtuous frontiersman

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William Cody's Wild West shows

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proved to be popular in Europe as well as the United States

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All of the following writers and artists, significant contributions to the romanticizing of the American West

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NOT James Whistler; Frederic Remington, Mark Twain, Theodore Roosevelt, Frederick Jackson Turner

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In the "significance of the frontier in american history" Frederick Jackson Turner

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the frontier had made Americans distinctive people; end of the frontier marked the end of one of the most democratizing forces in American life

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Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard indians

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wards of the president of the United States; as independent nations and as wards of the president and to negotiate treaties with them that were solemnly ratified by the senate

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In the 1850's, the united states policy of "concentration" for indians

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assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations; each tribe was assigned its own defined reservation confirmed by separate treaties often illegitimately negotiated with unauthorized representatives chosen by whites (aka treaty chiefs)

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The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late nineteenth century

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buffalo provide food and supplies; leather can be made into belts, riflemen go on shooting expeditions to kill large numbers of buffalo, buffalo were also obtrusions to railroad track ways, destroyed indians source of food and supplies and their ability to resist the white advance

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The sand creek massacre of 1864

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involved the killing of Indian women and children; colorado 1864- arapaho+cheyenne+chief black kettle vs. drunk white miners+colonel j.m. chivington; massacred 133 ppl (105 women/kids)

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The 1876 Battle of Big Horn

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short lived Indian victory; famous conflict between whites and indians; crazy horse+sitting bull vs. george A. custer

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The indian teacher who said "I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, i will fight no more forever,"

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chief joseph

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In 1886, the end of formal warfare between the united states and american Indians

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geronimo's surrender

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In 1890, the "ghost dance"

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was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians; spiritual awakening, the coming of the messiah; inspired ecstatic visions of images of white people retreating from the plains and a restoration of the buffalo

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In 1890, at wounded knee, south dakota

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the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred two hundred Indians; december 29, 1890- 350 cold/starving Sioux; dispute, 1-sided massacre, white soldiers turned revolving cannons on indians

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The Dawes Act of 1887

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was viewed by the United States government as a plan to save the Indians; gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and the allotment of tracts to individual owners 160-head of house 80-adult/orphan 40-dependent kid

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In the late 19th century, the western agricultural economy

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saw the railroad become the most important factor in its development

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In the late 19th century, fences for plains farms

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were usually made from barbed wire; 1873- illinois- joseph h glidden & i l ellwood; barbed wire= standard eqipment on the pains & revolutionized fencing practices

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In the late 19th century, in regards to western agriculture

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commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so

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Significant sources of resentment for the late 19th century farmers?

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NOT state governments

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During the late 19th century, plains farm life

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often lacked any access to the outside world

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In his writings during the 1800's, the popular author Hamlin Garland

answer

reflected the growing disillusionment of western farmers

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