APSY 338: Abnormal Psychology – Flashcards
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What we see as normal/abnormal is caused by
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Culture Perspectives Time
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What is mental illness defined as
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Distress
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Impairment
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Can be mental and physical/intellectual and physical
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What we tend to see with mental illness'
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We think/believe people who are impaired are a risk to society (EX) Homeless person
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What is statistical deviance
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Where people fall within this scale of normal or mental illness We want to emphasize individuality
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Cultural differences/norms: Sambia Tribe VS US
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Sambia Tribe: Become of age, one must go into the forrest with adult and gather semen --> this means they have to preform oral sex on the elders US: This would be considered child abuse
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DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
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Overall Guidebook for diagnosing and analyzing mental disorders Dysfunction: breakdown of normal unspecified dysfunctions Distress: May or may not be present Disability: Different degrees of impairment, the capabilities of carrying out the task at hand
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What is a mental disorder
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A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotional relation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning
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What is a mental disorder
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Usually associated with significant distress disability in social, occupational or other important activities
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What is a mental disorder
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Response to a common stressor (EX) Death of a loss one
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Being sane in prison (study/video shown)
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Labels: once you're branded with a label anything you do can be interpreted as a sign of disturbance
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The problem with statistical deviance as a theory for defining psychological disorders is that
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Not all outliers are bad
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What causes mental illness?
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Many different points of views: Health or illness? Sociocultural, psychological, biological
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What is a disorder
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Diathese: biological genes, passed on, genetic vulnerabilities, characteristics, etcs + Stress: not adequately taking care of yourself, life, health, medical, tragedies = Disorder
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Trephining (Stone Age)
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A surgical intervention where a hole is drilled/scraped into the skull using a tool Procedure where you chip at your scull to reveal the brain/tissue Kept the procedure going because it seemed as though it was the only "solution" (it made sense)
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Where does science make a comeback
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Ancient Greece & Rome
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Father of Modern Medicine
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Hippocrates
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What is an imbalanced humors
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Humors = a mood or state of mind -- Direct impact and causes of diseases Health was associated with a BALANCE of humors
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Examples of imbalanced humors
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Bleeding (bloodletting) Purging (forced excretion) Administered emetics (induces nausea) Trephination Establish a healthier diet
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The return of the supernatural
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Middle Ages & Renaissance
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Medieval Theory & Treatment 15th-17th Centuries
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Anyone who believed in ghosts was put to death Left to the clergy Make the body uninhabitable (unsuitable for living) --> burning, beatings, torture The Witch Crafts: 100,000 executed Malleaus Maleficarum: The witch hunt manuals Mass hysteria: Emotion contagion
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Exorcism
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Done by the clergy Rid the body of mental illness/bad spirits
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The Asylums St. Mary in London
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Founded 1247
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Video: Becky
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She claimed to be possessed by demons and was cured
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Shift in asylums
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You could voluntarily go to asylums regardless of illness'/distress'
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The Renaissance & Humanitarian Age
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Return to science: Better understanding of the natural world, more towards naturalistic causes
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What does lunatic mean
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From luna or moon When people say "people are acting crazy it must be a full moon"
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Reform time period
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1700s
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Who was Benjamin Rush
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Considered the founder of psychiatry Preached radical changes (moral therapy) Reintroduced the scientific method
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What is moral therapy?
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Separate wards Occupational therapy Prohibited visitors seeking only entertainment Bleeding or purging
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What was used in asylums to bring obedience
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Restraining bed Hallow wheel
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Who is Dorthea Dix
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1800s Campaigned for radical reforms Focus on hospital environment Staffing Physical well-being
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Problems with Dorthea Dix's radical reforms
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Overcrowding: same as seen in the middle ages Any disorders went to the asylum
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Serbia's dark secrets
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Asylums now are treating patients NEGATIVE -- basically making them die out
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What treatments have lead to deinstitutionalization
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Moving from long stay to less separation for individuals with less prominent disorders -- Diabetes, insulin, seizures
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When did science make a comeback?
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18th and 19th century
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Who is Emil Kraeplin
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Father of "Experimental" abnormal psychology Return of the biological model Mental illness = physical illness
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What is phrenology
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Study of the shape and size of the head/brain as a possible indication of characteristics and mental abilities.
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Phrenology is the study of?
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The bumps on ones skull
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What is deinstitutionalization
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Government policy that moved mental health patients out of state-run "insane asylums" into federally funded community mental health centers (Think Serbia)
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What is stigma?
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When someone views you in a negative way -- we try to combat it
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What are clinician(s)?
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The mental professionals Clinical psychologists
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What do psychiatrists do?
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Prescribe medication Trained in medicine - mental health second Diagnosing and prescribing
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What do social workers do?
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Help with less serious issues Some practice therapy (psychotherapy) Can get specialization in social work for therapy
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What is a Psy. D?
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Doctor of psychology
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The clients (Patient VS Client)
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Patient - Medical term used in hospitals Implies disorder within individual Client - Someone seeking psychological treatment External problematic behaviors that can be changed
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DSM Structure
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Based on the medical model Taxonomy (classification) of mental illness
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How do we speak about disorders?
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(EX) Do: "person with schizophrenia: Don't: "schizophrenic" - because that is not all they are, not just the label
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What is the trend of mental illness?
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DSM 1 to DSM 5 (Increasing growth/number of diagnosis increasing)
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What is prevalence?
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Point prevalence: the number of cases at a given point in time Life prevalence: the number of cases over the span of the average lifetime Base rate: how common a disorder is in the general population
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History: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- DSM 1
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Published 1952 130 pages, 106 mental disorders More towards description than symptoms and diagnoses NO SCEINCE BASIS -- based on what clinicians saw in the clients
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History: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- DSM 2
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Published in 1968 134 pages, 182 disorders Based on psychoanalytic theory No symptoms -- just general descriptions
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History: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- DSM 3
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Published 1980 494 pages, 265 disorders Focused on the need to standardize diagnosis in the us **DSM-III-R** 292 disorders
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History: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- DSM 4
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Published 1994 886 pages, 297 disorders Utilized free trails/experimental studies to determine diagnosis categories *DSM-IV-TR** Published 2000 934 pages, 374 disorders Multiaxial system used: uses multiple factors to diagnosis and assess disorders
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Multiaxial system uses axis' which are
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Axis 1: Clinical, conditions that may be focus of clinical attention Axis 2: Personality disorder/mental retardation Axis 3-4: More general conditions, environmental problems Axis 5: Global assessment of functioning
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- DSM 5
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Published 2013 NO MULITAXIAL SYSTEM Dropped NOS diagnoses (not otherwise specified) -- diagnosis was not specifically made but there are symptoms to classify thus disorder Z Codes which lead to over diagnosis and didn't necessarily solve the problems but made another way to deal with it
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What DSM is currently in the works?
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Working on the 11th edition
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How has DSM changed overtime?
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Added/removed disorders Overall increasing trend
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Prio to DSM?
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Viewed from a freudian lens Every hospital has its own language for diagnosis Psychiatry was HEAVILY criticized
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Now with DSM?
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Mental disorders are characterizes as diseases and by different sites/sources WebMD, MayoClinc.com, etc
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Problems with biomedical model
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Categorical VS Dimensional Many disorders are over diagnosed -- overuse of NOS
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Comorbidity & no etiology
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The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient -- but there is no cause or set of causes for 2nd diagnosis
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Problems with DSM
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Been around for a long time and disorders are forever changing Symptoms now define disorders which are forever changing as well Low validity/accuracy: we don't know exactly what we are dealing with, it keeps changing and shifting (EX) Homosexuality: was a disorder, now its not Pathologized (regard or treat something as psychologically abnormal or unhealthy) human experience
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Treatment planning
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Address and assess problem then figure out what needs to be done (immediate, short term and/or long term goals) Determine treatment site (inpatient, outpatient, half way house, day treatment programs) Determine best approach to treatment (don't forget that all therapists are not equal, use evidence based information and research) Evaluate outcome (how is the client progressing/is the client ready to change)
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Mental health professionals?
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Consumer of science -- enhancing the practice Evaluator of science -- determining the effectiveness of the practice Creator of science -- conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in the practice
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The problem with statistical deviance as a theory for defining psychological disorders is that?
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ANSWER: Not all outliers are bad
