April 9 – Population-Based Public Health Nursing Practice – Flashcards
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"What we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy"
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Define public health according to the Institute of Medicine
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...the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences.
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Define Public health nursing according to APHA PHN
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1. Places an emphasis on multiple disciplines 2. Supports a cooperative effort 3. Involves many disciplines and sciences.
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According to Karen, name three positive components of APHA PHN Public health nursing definition
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Home health focuses on individual and illness while public health focuses on family and wellness. Also, unlike home health, public health is given even if it is known the family can't pay for the services.
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According to Karen, how is home health different from public health?
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Emphasizes the promotion of health and wellness; the prevention of disease, disability, and early death; and the creation of conditionsin which all people can be healthy.
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Define Population-focused practice per the ANA
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1. Assessment 2. Policy development 3. Assurance
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Name the 3 essential functions of public health nursing
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Assessment is looking at and determining health status and determinants of health
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Define Assessment as a component of the essential functions of PHN
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Planning and implementing policy and programs.
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Define Policy development as a component of the essential functions of PHN
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Incorporating ethical standing. Has to do with "assuring" that everyone gets access to care. Mitigating disparities.
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Define Assurance as a component of the essential functions of PHN
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1. Health inequalities 2. Health disparities 3. Income/SES 4. Employment 5. Biology/Hereditiy 6. Personal choices
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There are several determinants of health. Name 6.
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Health inequities are disparities that are avoidable. Disparity example is that women have more breast cancer than men - can't do anything about that. Inequity is that infant mortality is higher in blacks that other races - why is this? We can avoid this.
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What is the difference between inequity and disparity?
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1893 in NYC by Lillian Wald
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When and where was the Henry Street settelment created and who created it?
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1. Population based individual focused 2. Population based community focused 3. Population based systems focused
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Name the 3 levels of public health nursing practice
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To elicit change in community norms, attitudes, awareness practices and behaviors
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What is the goal of Population based community focused nursing.
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Changes organizations, policies, laws and power structures
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What is the goal of Population based systems focused nursing.
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Changes knowledge, attitude beliefs and practices of an individual.
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What is the goal of Population based individual focused nursing.
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1. Levels of prevention 2. Prevention strategies
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Name the 2 principles of public health
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1. Principles of public health 2. Epidemiology 3. Public Health Nursing Interventions Wheel. PHN practice emphasizes prevention
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Name the 3 tools of PHN and the emphasized goal
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While not every event is preventable, every event has a preventable component.
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While not every event is preventable, _______ ______ _______ a ___________ ___________
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Primary, secondary, tertiary
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What are the 3 levels of prevention?
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1. Education 2. Engineering 3. Enforcement
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Name the 3 prevention strategies used in prevention
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Provide information to facilitate change to promote prevention
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How is Education used as a prevention strategy?
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Managing variables by using technology
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How is Engineering used as a prevention strategy?
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Utilizing policies and laws for prevention. Seatbelt law.
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How is Enforcement used as a prevention strategy?
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Individuals, families, classes and groups
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The intervention wheel encompasses 17 interventions, what population types are the red, green and blue wedges mostly used for?
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Population based community focused nursing and Population based systems focused nursing
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what levels of public health nursing practice are the orange and yellow wedges on the intervention wheel mostly used for?
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Epidemiology
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What is the primary tool for evidence based nursing in community health
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Host, agent, environment. There is a complex interrelationship of numerous factors interacting to affect the risk and development of disease
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What are the three components and explain the relationship between the components of the epidemiologic triad
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Physical, chemical, infectious, nutritious, genetics and psychological
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Name the 6 different types of agents
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General susceptibility, Immutable characteristics, acquired characteristics and lifestyle factors
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Name the 4 different factors that can affect the susceptibility of the host
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age, gender
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Give 2 examples of immutable characteristics
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immunologic status
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What is meant by acquired characteristics
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diet, excercise, sex practices
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Give three examples of lifestyle factors
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climate, plant & animal life, human population, Socioeconomic factors, working conditions
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Give 5 examples of Environment that affect the epidemiologic triad
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Also called a web of causation - considers multiple levels of factors that affect health and disease. Think beyond this.
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Explain the Ecological model
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1. Innate 2. individual behavior 3. Social, family and community networks 4. Living and working conditions 5. Broad social, economic, cultural, health and environment conditions and policies at the global, national, state and local levels.
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Name the 5 levels of factors in the ecological model
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Individual traits such as age, sex, race and biological factors (host factors)
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In the ecological model, what is meant by the innate level
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1. Pneumonia/flu 2. TB 3. Heart disease 4. Stroke 5. Diptheria
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Name the top 5 causes of death in the US in 1900 for all ages
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1. Heart disease 2. cancer 3. Stroke 4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 5. Accidents
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Name the top 5 causes of death in the US in 2007 for all ages
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Safer and healthier foods, family planning and Fluoridation of drinking water
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What three health achievements were on the list of Public Health Achievements in the 1900s that are no long on the list in 2000s
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Cancer prevention, childhood lead poisoning prevention and Public health preparedness and response (Think 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina)
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What three current health achievements were not on the 1900s Public Health Achievements list.
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The 1900s list focused more on secondary and tertiary care while the 2000s list focuses more on primary care.
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What is the biggest difference in the list of health achievements for the 1900s compared to the current list
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1. Age 2. Race 3. Income 4. Education 5. Gender 6. Geography (for issues like vitamin D or radiation)
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There are several epidemologic demographics used as common measurements to compare populations. Name 6 epidemology demographics utilitized.
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1. Mortality rate 2. Age specific mortality 3. Infant mortality rate
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Name 3 other common measurements, besides demographics, used to compare populations
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Used to describe deaths in various categories by number of people in a particular group
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What is the purpose of mortality rates
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(Number of deaths among people of certain age/population estimate for that age group) x 100,000
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What is the equation for Age Specific mortality?
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(Number of infant deaths under 1 year of age/number of live births in the same year) x 1000
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Infant mortality rate is considered the key measurement of health of a population. This equation is different, what is it?
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1. Drugs for surfactant ability 2. Sanitation 3. Back to sleep
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Name three medical interventions that have helped decrease infant mortality rates
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non-hispanic blacks
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What race has the highest infant mortality rate suggesting a grave disparity
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The infant mortality rate is higher in US. We are ranked 26 out of the 29 countries in 2010. We are the richest country in the world and we rank 26.
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How does the US infant mortality rate compare to other industrialized countries?
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Hungry
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Name one country that is much poorer than the US, spends less on health care, yet has a better infant mortality rate.
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1. Universal access to care 2. Social health programs 3. Focus on children
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Name 3 reasons why Japan may have a lower infant mortality rate then US
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Proportion of the population that has the disease/condition at a given time
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Define prevalence
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Number of new cases developingin a population at risk during a specific time.
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Define incidence
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Helps define the disease studying
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Why is morbidity data important to know about
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The two are positively correlated so as one goes up the other does too.
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What is the relationship between incidence and prevalence
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Focuses on distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events with groups in a pooulation. Looks at person, place, time
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What is descriptive epidemiology
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Seeks to identify associations between a particular disease or health problem and its ediology.
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What is Analytic Epidemiology
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1 Cohort studies 2. Case-control studies 3. Cross-sectional studies 4. Ecological studies
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List 4 types of analytic epidemiology
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Cornerstones of PHN
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PHN practice is grounded in a set of values and beliefs called
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Intervention wheel defiens what and how Cornerstones define why
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The Intervention Wheel defines the ________ & _______ of PHN practice while the cornerstones define the __________.
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foundational values and beliefs
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The cornerstones synthesize what two things from public health and nursing
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The health of the entire population
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The cornerstones of PHN focus on what?
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community priorities and needs
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What does the cornerstone of PHN reflect?
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communities, systems, individuals and families
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The Cornerstones of public health nursing establish caring relationships with which 4 populations?
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mental, physical, emotional, social, spiritual and environmental
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What 6 aspects of health do the cornerstones of PHN encompass?
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socail justice, compassion, sensitivity to diversity and respect for the worth of all people, especially the vulnberable
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The Cornerstones of public health nursing are grounded in which four values
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Through strategies driven by epidemiological evidence
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The Cornerstones of public health nursing promotes health how?
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Collaborates with community resources to achieve strategies driven by epidemiological evidence, but will work alone if necessary
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One cornerstone of PHN states that PHN will collaborate with who?
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This basically means think outside yourself - really listen to the client, help them with what they think is the priority, not with what you think they need.
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What is responsive use of self?
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Because the skill crucial to developing a partnership between the PHN and client
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Why is responsive use of self so important?
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Responsiveness to the other enables the PHN to gain a "situated understanding" of the clients' lives and to cultivate clients' strengths and connections to a responsive community.
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what is meant by "Responsiveness to the other?"
