APES Chapter 10, 12, 16 – Flashcards

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About 80% of the ocean's water exists in the
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Deep zone
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Ocean water is saltiest
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where there is high evaporation and low precipitation
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Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part
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well mixed
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of currents
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always rapid and powerful
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The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the
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continental shelf
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The oil protection act of 1990
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required that by 2015 all oil tankers in the US be double hulled
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what does the term groundfish refer to
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various species that live in benthic habits such as haddock and flounder
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Sea otters act as keystone species in the
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kelp forests
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Zooxanthelle are
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symbiotic algae that provide coral reefs with energy via their photosynthetic activity
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Which of the following is true of eutrophication in marine systems
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it can lead to algae blooms that kills fish
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Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine systems is
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overharvesting
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Hpyoxia and euthropication in the Chesapeke Bay may be in part atributed to
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harvesting of oysters that previously would have filtered nutrients
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A 2003 study reported that ____ % of large bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing
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90
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Upwelling
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of ocean water results in areas of high primary productivity at the ocean surface
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Downwelling
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occurs in areas where surface currents converge, or flow towards each other
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Bathmtery is best defined as the study of
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ocean depths
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Hydrothermal vents
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provide nutrients to symboiotic bacteria that support ecosystems at the ocean floor
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Kelp are
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large algae that protect shorelines from erosion, and supply shelter and food for invertebrates and fish
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Salt Marshes
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occur mostly in temperate areas
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It is estimated that ___% of the worlds marine fish populations are fully exploited
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50
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In 1992, the Canadian government
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ordered a complete ban on cod fishing
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By-catch
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refers to the capture of animals not meant to be caught
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Most marine protected areas
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are along the coastlines of developed nations
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Marine reserves are
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'no take" areas in oceans
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Red tides are caused by
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nutrient pollution leading in marine algae blooms
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_____ will hopefully reduce the among of solid waste garbage in oceans
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Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Redirection act
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Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would best be determined by
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tree ring scars
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If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum substainable yield model, some biodiversity would still be lost because
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species whose habitat depends on mature trees in the top canopy layer will be excluded
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The first national park was
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Yellowstone
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Which of the following gave the president authority to declare selected public lands as national monuments
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The Anitques Act
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Land trusts are
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private nonprofit groups
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the SLOSS dillema involves controversy over
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habitat fragmentation and preserve design
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Rotation time is
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intended use of wood
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Research done in Oregon and California suggests that savage logging
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decreases long-term timber yield by more than 60%
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The program Reading Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degration (REDD)
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gives wealthy nations carbon offsts if they pay poorer nations to observe forests
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The UN Faos Global forest resources assesment of 2010 concluded that
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deforestation has slowed but we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million per year
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Ecosystem based timber harvesting uses mehtods that
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leave seed producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
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The National forest managemnt Act _____ national forest land
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was passed in 1975 with the intent to ensure multiple use and substainable yield of
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The healthy forests restoration Act ___ national forest land
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directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fire threat
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Wilderness Areas
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are off limits to development of any kind but are open to low impact recreation
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Paper parks are
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areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding
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Second growth forests are
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forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area
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Approximatley _____ % of Earths land area is currently covered by forest
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30 %
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Since the 1990s, ____ have killed an estimated 30 billion conifers in the western United States
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bark beetles
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Deforestation
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has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions
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Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging
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They are desperate for economic development
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Clear cutting
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removes all trees from an area
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Most of the worlds forests are
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Boreal forest and rainforest
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Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agricultural purposes
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soil erosion is increased
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The "roadless rule"
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prohibits road construction in national forests
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"edge effects" are a particular problem when
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formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments
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Monoculture
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is an agricultural practice of growing large strands of a single species
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In Queensland, Australia, a cactus moth
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effectivley cleared non-native prickley pear cactus from rangeland
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Recombiant DNA
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is the merging of Dna from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varities
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What is true about GM Crops
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The united states leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops
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Raising ______ requires the most land and water
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beef cattle
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Researchers have demonstrated that organic farming
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decreased organic soil losses while giving yields comparable to conventional farming
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Bt crops
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have been given a bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against pests
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Which of the following requires the least ammount of land to produce 1k of protein
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Chicken
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Oaxaca, Mexico
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is a world center of biodiversity for maize
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Green revolution techniques
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have increased crop yields but may not be substainable
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____ % of the food we consume comes from ____ crop species
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90;15
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Since 1960, pesticide use has risen
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fourfold
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Which of the following best describes integrated pest managemtn
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biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification
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Relative to agriculture, insects are usually
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essential pollinators and predators for substainable systems
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Plants with showey flowers typically
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are pollinated by animals
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Aquaculture
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can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions
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Organic Farming
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has increased in the United States, Canada and Europe in recent years
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The Cartagena protocol on biosaftey
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outlines regulations on international trade of GM foods
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Seed banks are important for
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protecting genetic diversity
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It is more energetically efficent for us to eat more
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plant based food
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Why did the Indonesian government support IPM for agricultre in 1986
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pesticide subsides were costing money, causing pollution, and decreasing yields
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In order for livestock to be considered organic
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animals must be fed 100% agricultural feed
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during the past half century, global food production has ____ world popluation growth
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grown at a faster rate than
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recent investigations about the impact of Gm crops on biodiversity indicate that
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some GM sites had increased biodiversity, while in others it decreased
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Normal Boralug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of
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high-yield wheat
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in japan, the presecne of duks and the aquatic farm Azolla in rice cultivation has shown that
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restoring portions of the biodversity of a natural ecosystem increasess crop yields and profits
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