Apes – Flashcard
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In which country was the bird Parus major studied as an example of adjustment to global warming?
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England
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________ refers to study of the global scale connections between atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, climate and the earth.
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Earth systems science
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________ refers to computer simulations designed to predict changes in the atmosphere and in the earths climate.
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Global circulation model
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The persistent trend of increasing temperatures over three decades is an indication that global warming is really happening. What was the warmest decade since temperatures have been recorded?
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The 1990s
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________ is an example of carbon dioxide sequestration
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The injection of carbon dioxide into subsurface geologic reservoirs
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The carbon dioxide content in the earths atmosphere before 15,000 A.D. was between 200 and 300 ppm. The carbon dioxide content today is about 450 ppm. Which single historical development can be blamed for this increase?
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The Industrial Revolution
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________ is a major effect of El Niño
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Heavy rains along the western coast of South America
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_______ allows part of earths back radiation to escape into space; and is a gap in the atmospheric absorption spectrum, between the absorption dominated by water vapor and carbon dioxide
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"Atmospheric window"
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The effect of continental glaciation is to
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Cool global climate
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Constant energy input to physical object will heated up. Eventually it will reach a temperature that will cause it to
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Radiate heat energy at the same rate receives energy
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During the last 2 million years or so, the climate of the year earth has
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Swung sharply both up-and-down and temperature
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Global scale when currents are produced by
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Differential heating of the earth by the sun
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________ is a plausible argument that burning fossil feels may not lead to severe global warming
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Various negative feedbacks may reduce the effects
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________ appears to contribute to global cooling and not to warming
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Aerosols
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_______ Is not a potential adverse effects of global warming
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An increase of UVB radiation
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Incoming solar radiation is partly reflected back in the space by the earths
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Atmosphere, land surface, and ocean surface
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______ Is not a major greenhouse gas
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Ozone
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Weather as we know it is a phenomenon of the
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Troposphere
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_______Is responsible for catching most of earths back radiation to space
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Water vapor
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How does air temperature change with altitude in the upper stratosphere and why?
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It increases, due to the destruction of ozone by ultraviolet light
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Decreased atmospheric H2O leads to an increase the greenhouse effect: True or false
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False
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The part of the atmosphere where weather occurs is the
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Troposphere
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Mars is too hot to live on and never contained any water: true or false
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False
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Why does only approximately half of the solar energy amid it towards the earth ever arrive at the surface?
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The rest is absorbency the atmosphere or reflected into space
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What portion of the solar radiation hitting the earth is reflected back in the space without ever getting to the surface of the planet?
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25%
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With an increase in altitude the average change in temperature in the earths troposphere is
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6.5°C cooler Per km
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Which gas absorbs ursine in the wave links that typically pasty the atmospheric window?
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CFCs
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In addition to their role in ozone depletion CFCs play a role in global warming by:
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Absorbing ursine in the 10 µm region
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The atmospheric window is important to the understanding of the greenhouse effect because it_____. The window is threatened by anthropogenic emissions of_____.
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Is transparent to radiation with a wavelength of about 10 microns; methane and CFCs
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Large volcanic irruption's appear to make the earth's climate_____, at least temporarily
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Cooler
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_________ represents the wavelength of radiation leaving the earth that or at least absorbed by substances in the atmosphere
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Atmospheric window
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The figure below illustrates in an allergy of the earth thermal balance. Water pouring into the bucket is equivalent to incoming solar radiation, in the water leaking from holes in the bucket is like outgoing thermal radiation. The amount of water in the bucket is equivalent to the amount was he on earth - a higher water level is like higher temperature on earth. In this analogy the greenhouse effect would be like:
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Putting up some of the holes in the bucket
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About 99% of all Erin the earths atmosphere is found in
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Troposphere and the stratosphere
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In a natural setting, these are called components of soil, rock or ecosystems that reduce the negative impacts of acid rain:
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Buffers
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General cost of pollution that characterizes urban area with frequent, strong sunshine
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Photochemical smog
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This class of pollution is produced only at certain times such as when the wind is blowing
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Fugitive sources
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Atmospheric inversion conditions over urban areas pose a problem primarily because:
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Pollutants are trapped and concentrated
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Sulfur dioxide omissions are caused by:
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Burning coal and automobile missions
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Into the textbook, the best way to reduce sulfurous smog is:
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Scrubbers
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Processes associated with acid rain or acid deposition do not include :
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Rising pH levels and lakes and streams
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Particulate pollutants introduced into the atmosphere may have which of the following effects?
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Reflect incoming sunlight, lowering the temperature at the surface
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A yellow brown gas that contributes to photochemical smog
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Nitrogen oxides
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Ozone is of great benefit in the stratosphere but a great harm to humans in the lower troposphere. ______ is not an effect on people?
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Reduces the ability of the circulatory system to transport oxygen
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Air pollutants picked up from open areas exposed to wind
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Fugitive pollution source
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Call smokestacks on power plants were designed to
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Disperse pollutants, so they wouldn't cause harmful effects in the immediate area
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________ is the least significant air pollutant associated with driving cars and other vehicles
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Hydrogen fluoride
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A colorless and odorless gas at damages the Lungs
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Sulfur dioxide
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Pipe spilling industrial effluent into a river is an example of
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Point source
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How is photochemical smog produced
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Solar radiation + NOx + organic compounds
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During a 15 minute time period, marathon runner will take inasmuch sulfur dioxide pollution from the air as a person at rest will inhale in
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Four hours
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The pH of natural rainfall is_____; the ph of acid rain is______
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5-6; less than 4.5
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Secondary pollutants differed from primary pollutants in that they are not
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Admitted directly into the air as our primary pollutants
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Hey gas was a rotten egg holder that is highly toxic and corrosive
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Hydrogen Sulfide
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A reactive gas produced, in part, by photo chemical reaction of sunlight with various air pollutants
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Ozone
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______ are the most significant fine particulate pollutants
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Sulfates and nitrates
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According to the textbook Arctic Haze mainly comes from
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Western Europe
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Gases in the atmosphere that increasing acidity of rainfall
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CO2, SO2 and NO2
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________ is a secondary pollutant in a major component of photochemical smog
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Ozone
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Articles function as condensation nuclei, increasing the amount of precipitation: true or false
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True
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Acid surges are associated with accumulation of________ deposition
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Dry
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Carbon monoxide is particularly dangerous to humans because
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Prevents oxygen from reaching vital tissues
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_________ would tend to buffer the effects of acid rain
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Calcium carbonate rich soil's
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In the lower atmosphere, ozone is produced by
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Photo chemical reactions
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________ is not a primary pollutants from the burning of fossil feels
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Chlorophyll
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________ was an important factor in producing air pollution during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing China
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All
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A compound that often neutralizes the acid and acid rain that falls in lakes
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Bicarbonate ion
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Las Vegas has some of the most polluted air in the southwestern United States.________pollutants are the primary cause of the polluted air
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Particulate matter
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This bulletin is most commonly associated with coal-fired electrical generation
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SO2
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A colorless and odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in blood
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Carbon monoxide
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Pollution conditions are worst when________; and at locations where_________
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Wind is slow and mixing height is high; distance from the coast to theto the mountains is small
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In the silly illustrated in the figure below, the pollution a mission rate is 20 kg/m² per second, the wind is blowing on shore at 10 m/s, and the mixing high is 1000 m. Based on this information, what would the police and concentration be at a point 5 km inland of the codes?
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10 kg/m³
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Development of photochemical smog is directly related to
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All
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This is an ailment caused by long-term exposure to air with high concentrations of soot or carbon Rich dust
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Black lung disease
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This is a colorless and odorless gas release buy some types of rocks and associated with lung cancer risk
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Radon
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Discomfort, symptoms, or disease reported by many occupants of the same structure
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Sick building syndrome
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Formaldehyde, a Kallman and harmful indoor air pollution, comes from
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Outgassing from particleboard another construction materials
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What was the apparent cause of the large number of respiratory ailments at the Massachusetts Registry of motor vehicles after it opened in 1994?
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Poorly designed ventilation system
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Ozone is natural component of the earth stratosphere as well as an element of photochemical smog. Also can be an indoor air pollution. Sources of oZone and homes or offices include
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Photocopying machines, printers, and other high-voltage electrical equipment
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Call days after sample radon gas is amid it into a sealed room,______of the original amount remains
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1/8
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What is the principal disadvantage of bringing fresh outdoor air into a building to reduce concentrations of indoor air pollutants?
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Increased heating and air-conditioning costs
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One of the major objectives in designing a green building is to
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Minimize indoor air pollution including chemicals and mold
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Radon gas is colorless and non-toxic: true or false
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True
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Reduce air circulation on aircraft has all the following effects, dangerous, or trade-offs except
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Decreased onboard humidity
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______Is not a potentially significant source of radon contamination
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Rainfall, and regions of Canada in Scandinavia for example
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An indoor air pollutant that contains NOx, CO, hydrogen cyanide, etc. And result in an estimated 43,000 deaths per year in the US from lung cancer and heart disease
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Secondhand tobacco smoke
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One process that mobilizes indoor air pollutants in the chimney effect which
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Occurs where buildings are warmer than the air around them or the rock below them
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The combined effects of exposure to Reagan Don gas and smoking or greater than the sum of the effects separately. This is an example of
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Synergy
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______are most susceptible to indoor air pollutants
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All
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Black lung diseases so seated with long-term exposure to
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High concentrations of carbon which particles in the air
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The number of deaths caused by lung cancer due to exposure to radon is comparable to the number of deaths caused by _______ in the US each year
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Car accidents
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Better insulation and weatherize Asian is a method to reduce the concentration of radon in a home: true or false
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False
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______ is not A potential source of radon
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Space heaters
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Radon gas is considered a threat to human health because it can
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Cause lung cancer
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In a large office building, a number of employees begin complaining of headaches, dizziness, and nausea about about the same time. This is an example of
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Sick building syndrome
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How could a homeowner reduce the chimney effect in their home
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Caulk windows and doors
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Asbestos is hazardous to human health because
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If trapped in the lines it's can be carcinogenic
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Indoor air pollutants do not include
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Polonium
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High concentrations of indoor air pollution or most likely found in
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Homes constructed to be energy-efficient
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There's an actual background radiation received by every human and animal. The range is between 102 150 millirem per year. The natural ranges so why because of local variations in
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Geology and elevation
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Asbestos is____. It is considered a dangerous substance because_____.
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A natural mineral that has very thin fibers; these fibers can become trapped in the lungs and cause cancer
