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Astrolabe

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instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars

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Bartolomeu dias

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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

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Circumnavigation

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Traveling around the globe.

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Columbian exchange

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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

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Compass

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Navigational instrument for finding directions

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Dutch United East India Company (VOC)

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Established in 1602, private merchants advanced funds to launch the company, to send ships and crews and provide them with materials and money to be able to trade.

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English East India Company

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An early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

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Galleon

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a large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts

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Immunities

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Resistance to diseases

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James Cook

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English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

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Lateen Sails

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Triangular sail on a short mast

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Middlemen

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in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers.

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Northwest Passage

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a water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America

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Seven Years' War

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Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

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Siberia

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a vast Asian region of Russia

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Vasco de Gama

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A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

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30 Years War

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(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire

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95 Theses

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written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

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Adam Smith

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Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) , Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics

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Anglican Church

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Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

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Capitalism

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an economic system based on private ownership of capital, an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

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Charles V

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Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

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Copernicus

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Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

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Council of trent

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an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation

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Diet at Worms

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This was when Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Leo X, called upon Luther to recant. He refused, saying that unless they could prove him wrong using scripture, he could not, because "it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience."

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Divine Right

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belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

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Enlightenment

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a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

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Excommunicated

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to declare that a person or group no longer belongs to the church

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Glorious Revolution

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A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

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Heresy

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a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion

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Indulgences

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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

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Jesuits

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Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

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John Calvin

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French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

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Joint-stock Companies

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an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business

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Kepler

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German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

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King Henry VIII

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King of England from 1509 to 1547 and founder of the Church of England; he broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce.

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Locke

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English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704), Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

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Louis XIV

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king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

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Martin Luther

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a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

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Montesquieu

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the Enlighenment writer who believed in seperation of powers

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Newton

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English mathematician and physicist

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Peace of Westphalia

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Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.

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Peter I

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Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

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Protestant

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the Protestant churches and denominations collectively

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Puritans

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Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

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Putting Out System

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system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England

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Recant

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to withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract

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Reformation

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a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

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Versailles

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Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

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Voltaire

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French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

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Cortes

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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

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Creoles

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descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status

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Encomienda

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A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

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Engenho

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Brazilian sugar mills; term symbolized entire complex world of everything relating to the production of sugar.

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Hacienda

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the main house on a ranch or large estate

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Hispaniola

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Caribbean island, present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic

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Indentured Servant

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Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America

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Indigenous

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native to a certain area

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Mestizo

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a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)

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Mita System

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The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

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Mulattoes

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a person of mixed african and european descent.

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Penisulares

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are born in spain ruling upper class

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Pizarro

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Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

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Smallpox

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a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars

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Taino

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native americans who lived where columbus first landed

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

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Viceroy

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governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign

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Ghana Empire

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Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. Also made gold scarce thus maintaining high prices fell due to expansion northward into Almoravids territory.

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Mali Empire

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Formed in 1240 when Sundiata took control of Ghana Empire. It controlled trade across Sahara, the South and the Niger River.

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Songhay Empire

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Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu.

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Kingdom of Kongo

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Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

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Queen Nzinga

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Ruled lands in modern day Angola and Congo, who spent almost 40 years battling Portuguese slave traders in an effort to stop them from enslaving her people

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Capetown

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Originally in a base to provide food for Dutch Ships to Spice Islands, it became an area of moderate climate and freedom from tropical disease that made it attractive to settlers

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Fulani

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A family of languages of the Fulani people of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad

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Syncretic Religions

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religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems.

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Middle Passage

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the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

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African Diaspora

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The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

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Olaudah Equiano

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sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography

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Bullion

answer

gold or silver in bars or ingots

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Daimyo

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powerful military lord in feudal Japan

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Filial Piety

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respect shown by children for their parents and elders

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Gentry

answer

people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility

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Infanticide

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murdering an infant

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Manchu

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The last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries

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Mandarins

answer

Who: officials in Confucius style government. What: passed very difficult exams in order to hold leadership positions. They formed their own social class, called the Gentry. Many of them attended a university that had been built. Where: China, started in the state of Lu. When: 6th century BC on for 2000 years. Why: Led the Confucian government and were the only people, often, who could read and write.

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Ming Dynasty

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A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

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Qing Dynasty

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The last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu

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Shoguns

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For 700 years, Japan was under the rule of the Japanese military leaders known as shoguns.

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Tokugawa

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A powerful family in Japan that ruled as shoguns, 1603-1867, characterized by a samurai ruling class, urbanization, and the growth of a merchant class. Top-down approaches worked to solve environmental problems.

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Abbas the Great

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Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.

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Mehmed II

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Also calle Mehmed the Conqueror, Murad's son, conquered Constaninople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt city was renamed Instanbul.

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Mughal Empire

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Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)

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Osman

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The ruler of the turks who began to build a new empire in the corner of Asia Minor. these turks became known as the Ottoman Turks

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Safavid

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The shi'ite muslim dynasty that ruled in persia between the 16th and 18th centuries

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Sikhism

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Religion founded by Nanak that blended Islamic and Hindu Beliefs

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Wahabi

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A rebellious group in Central Arabia espousing a puritanical version of Islam. Staged a rebellion in 1820-1822 which threatened the Sultan's control of the Hijaz (and therefore the lucrative and culturally important pilgramige trade). He sent Muhammad Ali to put them down.

AP World History Unit 5 Vocab – Flashcards

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