AP World History Time Period 2: 600 BCE – 600 – Flashcards
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Classical Civilization that was located in modern day Iran and spread throughout "Greater Mesopotamia". Give both of its names.
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Persian / Achaemenid Empie
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What was a satrap in the Persian Empire? What was their role?
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Governor, to collect tribute, keep order, and provide soldiers and a system of courts.
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Maintained Political organization, which allowed for conquered territories to retain their own laws. (Person)
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Cyrus
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Build the "Royal Road" where iron technology, art, and philosophy spread and long distance thrived.
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Cyrus
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Where did Darius get the idea of uniform currency (coins)?
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The Lydians
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belief system based on a system of rewards and punishments in afterlife.
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Zochastianism
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What classical civilization was known for tolerance of local customs of its conquered peoples?
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Persia / Achaemenid Empire
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Order of what succession? Cyrus --> Darius --> Xerxes
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Persian succession of rules
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What was the reason for Persia's collapse?
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- Wars with Greece - Conquered peoples began to Rebel - Conquered by Alexander the Great (300 BC)
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What Persian emperor related himself with Ahuramazda?
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Darius
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What were the Chinese warring states?
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(400 BC - 221 BC) Time period when noble families fought for the control of China after the Zhou Dynasty collapsed.
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Why did the Zhou Dynasty collapse?
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- Failed to control iron production - Nomadic invasions - Rising armies from with in - Warring States
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What three major systems emerged as the result of the collapse of Zhou Empire?
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Confucianism Daoism Legalism
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What are the majors belief in Confucianism?
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-defined proper conduct for people and govts - people are naturaly good and should concentrate in improving their behavior (li) and doing what they know is right - Five Key Relationships - for society to be strong, rulers must model virtue
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What are the major beliefs in Daoism?
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- a philosophy that teaches that people gain peace and happiness by becoming one with the Dao (the way) - Dao is a universal "force" connected to nature - People are part of nature - yin yang (opposing forces in nature)
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What are the major beliefs in Legalism?
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- all people are bad - philoshophy - strong society because of laws with clear punsihments and rewards. - trust no one
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What was the succession of power in classical China?
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Zhoue --> Qin --> Han --> Xin --> Han --> FALL
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Who brought stability to China post- the Warring States?
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Qin
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What style did Qin Shihuangdi establish in Chine after the Warring States?
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Legalism
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What were some Qin achievements?
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- iron weapons / brought stability to end the Warring States in China - GREAT WALL OF CHINA - Terra Cotta Warriors (Emperors tomb with clay soldiers) - Standardized currency , weights and measures. - Standardized writing - Centralized rule
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Why did the Qin collapse?
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(1 year after his death) - harsh policies - buried Confucian scholars or burned them
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What allowed the Han to take over?
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- He was a methodical planner - Had brilliant advisors - Loyal Troops
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Who established "civil service" exams and what where they?
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- Han Wudi - C.S exams allowed for all men to take a test and become burreucrats if they passed it. .
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What were some accomplishments by the Han?
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- Made the Silk Road - Imperial monopolies of Iron and Salt - Expanded borders east - Invented paper
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What influenced the Han's Collapse?
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- Social Tensions (gap between rich and poor, debt slavery, no land reform) - Challenged and defeated by the Xin and then taken over by the Xiongnu
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What was the Han Society like?
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- Patriarchal - Women subordinate - Buddism expanded into chine - Confuncianism
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What the Ancient Chinese grow?
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Rice and Millet
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What the Chinese trade?
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Paper Silk
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What are the five basic relationships in Confucianism?
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- ruler and subect - parent and child - husband and wife - older brother and younger brother - friend and friend (equal)
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What was the succession of empires in classical India?
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Mauryan --> Guptan
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What were some of the Gupta's advanced in math?
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Pi, Zero, "Arabic" Numerals
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Where did the "Arabic" Numbers originally come from?
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India (Gupta)
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What did the Guptan's trade?
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Wheat, Rice, cotton and spices in exchange for: Horses and gold ivory.
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Why did the Gupta collapse?
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Invaded by the White Huns
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Who were the Dasas?
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Conquered, darker people.
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What did the Aryans and Indus religions combine to form?
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Hinduism
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What are the 5 major beliefs in Hinduism?
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- Brahman (ultimate god) - Polytheism (multiple gods) - Dharma (sacrad duty, promotes peace) - Karma (good and bad actions affect the future) - Samsara (continues cycle of birth, death, and rebirth) The goal in life was to achieve MOKSHA
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What were the Varna and Caste system
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Caste: social system where you were born into a Varna (class / color) and could not change your Varna. Varna: the different class levels in the caste system.
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What did aesthetics do?
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Went into the forest , attempted yoga, meditation, and fasting to achieve moksha
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Who were janists?
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People who believed in salvation through starvation, inquiry, and they often practiced nudity.
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Who were the three most important Hindu gods? And wish god was said to be made of everything, or everything is part of that god.
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- Shiva, Brahman, & Vishnu - Brahman
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Who founded Buddhism and what was his story?
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Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha "enlightened one"). He was born as a prince, rich. He became an aesthetic and searched for an end to human suffering. He was enlightened with the "Four Noble Truths"
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What are the Four Noble Truths, who founded them, and what religion is it part of?
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4 Noble Truths: - All people suffer - We suffer because of our desires - end desir = end suffering - can end suffering by following the eight for path Founder: Siddhartha Gautma Religion: Buddhism
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What is the Eightfold Path? (Not the who list, just the meaning)
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Used to end suffering, its basicly a group of moral to live by.
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What is the goal of Buddhism?
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Nirvana - release from suffering and the cycle of rebirth (can happen in one life).
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Upon whose ideas were the Persian techniques of administration based?
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Mesopotamia
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Who succeeded Alexander in ruling Persia?
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Selucid
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Who were the Parthians?
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Lords of Iran, no central gout, skillful warriors, federation.
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Who took over the Parthians and recreated much of the Achaemenid Empire?
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Sasanids
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What are qanats and who build them?
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underground canals, the Persians
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Who is Ahura Maza?
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Supreme god in Zoroastrian beliefs
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Who is Sima Quian?
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Historian who is responsible for most information of imperial china. He was castrated.
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Who were Eunuchs?
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appointed officials who were not from a distinguished birth, they castrated themselves for credibility to the rich
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Who is Ban Zhao?
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author of "Lessons for Women", she was the most famous woman in Chinese History. Argued that girls should receive an education, yet that women' virtues were what the Chinese believes.
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What are guilds?
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corporate body that supervised prices and wages in a give industry.
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What is Jati?
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Sub-castes based on occupation
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What is Ahisma?
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way to undergo purification by non-violence.
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What new political class began to undermine the position of warrior-elites in the classical civilizations?
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Bureaucrats
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Persian Imperial survival depended on what type of literate bureaucrats?
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Translators
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Who made up the bulk in Persian society?
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non-privileged free people like craftsmen, merchants, ext.
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What was the economic foundation for all classical civilazations?
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Agriculture
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What religions did Zoroastrianism influence later on?
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Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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What are some Zoroastrianism beliefs?
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- Good prevails or evil - People will be judges - Supreme god (Ahura Mazda) - heaven or hell
