AP World History Terms II – Flashcards
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Persian Wars
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500-479 BCE, conflict between Ionian Greek colonies backed by Athens and the Achaemenid empire, led by Cyrus, Darius, Cambyses and Xerxes. Greece won at the battle of Marathon.
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Qin Shihuangdi
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ruled 221-210 BCE, First Emporer of China. Standardized the script, built defensive walls, and enforced Legalist policies.
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Han Wudi
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ruled 141-87 BCE, the Martial Emporer. Established the Confucian education system and expanded into northern Vietnam and Korea and central Asia.
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Ashoka
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ruled 297-232 BCE, the high point of the Mauryan empire. Created the rock and pillar edicts, taxed, centralized, and encouraged Buddhism.
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Chandragupta Maurya
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ruled 321-297 BCE, founder of the Mauryan empire. Unified most of India, advised by Kautalya, ruled according the the Arthashastra.
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Chandra Gupta
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ruled 320-330 CE, founder of the Gupta empire.
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Gupta
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320-550 CE, second classical empire in India.
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Mauryan
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321-185 CE, first classical empire in India.
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Socrates
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470-399 BCE, first major Greek philosopher, interested in ethics and morality. Views recorded by Plato.
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Plato
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430-347 BCE, second major Greek philosopher, created the theory of Forms or Ideas, wrote The Republic.
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Aristotle
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384-322 BCE, third major Greek philosopher, believed in the power of reason and the senses, wrote extensively on science.
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ren
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kindness, respect, humanity.
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li
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propriety
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xiao
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filial piety
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nirvana
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escape from reincarnation, spiritual independence.
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moksha
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escape from reincarnation, spiritual union.
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Old Kingdom
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2660-2160 BCE, founded by Menes, built pyramids.
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New Kingdom
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1550-1070 BCE, restored power ater Hyksos, returned to prosperity, restored dominance in Nubia.
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Middle Kingdom
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2040-1640 BCE, re-stabilized Egypt, invaded by the Hyksos.
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Nestorian Christianity
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branch of Christianity popular in Asia which emphasized the human nature of Christ.
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Theme system
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Byzantine system of provinces ruled by generals, who recruited armies of peasants in exchange for land grants.
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mamluks
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Abbasid slave soldiers who converted to Islam, eventually became a powerful military caste and governed Egypt from 1250 to 1517.
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Sunni Islam
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the most popular branch of Islam; belief in the legitimacy of the early caliphs.
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Shia Islam
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minority branch of Islam; belief that only a descendant of Ali can be caliph.
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Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism
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a less popular branch of Buddhism, emphasizes a strict, individual path, popular in southeast Asia.
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Mahayana Buddhism
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a more popular and more metaphysical northern branch of Buddhism.
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Toltecs
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950-1150, Central American society that migrated from northwestern Mexico. Precursors to the Aztecs, or Mexica.
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junzi
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Confucius's "superior individuals," well-educated, altruistic, and careful.
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Hundred Years' War
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1337-1453. France won.
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Crusades
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1095-1204 Led to Renaissance
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Sargon of Akkad
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first Sumerian king-conqueror.
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Assyrians
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1300-612 BCE, had an empire in SW Asia and Egypt.
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Zaibatsu
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1890s Japanese industrial clique.
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Big Stick policy
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describes Roosevelt corollary, idea of threatening military force while negotiating peacefully.
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Open Door Policy
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1899 policy that all European nations, and the US could trade with China.
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deterrence policy
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the idea that knowing the consequences, like MAD, would prevent military action.
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Eisenhower doctrine
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countries can ask for help from US if threatened, especially by communism.
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Agricultural Revolution
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1700s movement in England that led to the Industrial Revolution. Enclosure, crop rotation, and mechanization were major parts.
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Gospel of Wealth
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1889- Andrew Carnegie's idea of philanthropy, the rich helping the poor.
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Black Death
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1300s
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Osman Bey
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founder of the Ottoman empire
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1453-1922
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ottoman empire
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Babur
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founder of the Mughal empire
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Akbar
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high point of the Mughal, tolerant
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purdah
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womens' confinement in the home
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Taj Mahal
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mughal architecture, islamic influence
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muslim gunpowder empires
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1450-1750, ottoman mughal safavid
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english civil war
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parliament vs. king, 1640s
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Ivan III (the great)
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tsar after golden horde
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Ivan the terrible
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expanded russia
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cossacks
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russian pioneers into new territories
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boyars
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russian nobles
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mikhail romanov
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first romanov tsar, 1613
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peter the great
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tsar who westernized
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catherine the grreat
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expansionist, westernizing, enlightened
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matteo ricci
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jesuit in china
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john calvin
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predestination, puritans
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jean jacques rousseau
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social contract
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adam smith
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capitalism capitalism capitalism!
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domestsic system
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like putting-out, lost to industrial revolution
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factors of production
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land labor capital entrepeneurship
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tokugawa shogunate
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1603-1868
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meiji restoration
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1868 on
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sino-japanese war
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1895 control of korea
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russo-japanese war
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1905 influence in korea
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muhammad ali
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industrializing ruler of egypt
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Tanzimet era
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1840s-1870s
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Tanzimet reforms
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facilitated trade
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Young turks
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more failed reform
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extraterritoriality
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granted to Europeans in Ottoman Empire and China
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Opium Wars
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Ming China, 1840s-1850s
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Treaty of Nanking
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opened ports, gave Hong Kong to British, ended Opium Wars
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Congress of Vienna
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After Napoleon
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Berlin Conference
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dividing up Africa
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Miguel de Hidalgo
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Catholic priest, led the Mexican struggle for independence in 1810
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Napoleon III
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interfered in the Mexican revolution in 1863
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Porfirio Diaz
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president of Mexico, repressive dictatorship led to the Mexican revolution
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Mexican Revolution
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Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapato, Ponciano Arriaga- land reforms- tierra y libertad
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Benito Juarez
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economic growth, constitution of 1857, La Reforma
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Simon Bolivar
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1800s revolutionary in South America, wanted to unite the region
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Gran Colombia
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Simon Bolivar's failed conglomeration of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
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Taiping Revolution
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1850s, led by Jesus's little brother (or so he thought), advocated social reform, land redistribution, and women's rights.
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self-strengthening movement
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encouraged western investments and modernization in Qing China, but crushed by the Boxer Rebellion.
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Boxer Rebellion
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anti-foreign rebellion led by crazy Empress Cixi and the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. Seriously.
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Revolution of 1905
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forced tsar Nicholas II to allow the Duma, which he abolished after a few weeks, inciting planning for further rebellion.
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Boers
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Dutch farmers in South Africa
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Great Trek
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British forced boers into the interior of South Africa, where they clashed with Bantu people including the Zulu.
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Boer War
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culmination of tension between British and Boers at turn of 20th century.
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Mexican-American War
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Mexico didn't want us to take Texas.
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Spanish American War
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U.S. ship exploded in Havana harbor, but more about U.S. concerns about interests in Cuba after independence form Spain in 1895. the U.S. got the Philippines and control of Cuba.
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Mehmed the Conqueror
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ottoman who captured Constantinope in 1453.
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Suleyman the Magnificent
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1500s Ottoman who made laws, laid siege to Vienna, and made the ottomans a naval power.
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Shah Ismail
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founder of Safavid Empire, proponent of Twelver Shiism
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qizilbash
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Twelver Shiite community
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Babur
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founder of the Mughal empire, wanted to control a lot of land
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Akbar
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ruled 1556-1605, high point of Mughal empire, tolerant, centralizing
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Aurangzeb
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Mughal Muslim, intolerant, expansionist, faced rebellions and decline
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