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Neolithic Revolution

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The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

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Pastoralists

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A way of life dependent on large herds of small and large stock, predominated.

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Trans-Saharan Trade

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Trading network linking North Africa with sub-saharan across the Saharan.

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City-State

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A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. characteristic political form of early Mesopotamia, Archiac and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.

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Judaism

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A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

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Persian Empire

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an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC

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Zoroastrianism

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A religion originating in ancient Iran that became the official religion of the Achaemenids. It was centered on a single benevolent deity Ahuramazda. It emphasized truth-telling,purity, and reverence for nature.

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Castle-System

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class distinctions based on birth, wealth, etc.

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Daoism

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Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laoiza. Daoism offered an alternative to the Confusian emphasis to the hierarchy and duty.

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Karma

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In indian tradition, the reside of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a "sprit" and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. The doctrines of karma and reincarnation were used by the elite in ancient India to encourage people to accept their social position and do their duty.

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Nirvana

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(Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation

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Byzantine Empire

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Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century, taken from "Byzantium," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The city fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

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Hoplite

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A heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies- militias composed of the middle- and the upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment- were for centuries superior to all military forces.

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Mycenaean

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Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemmon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. Comtemporary archaeologists call the complex Greek society of the second millennium BCE "mycenaean"

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Polis

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The Greek term for city-state, un urban center and the argicultural cultural territory under its control.

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Roman Empire

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An empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire

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Olmec

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The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

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Mesoamerica

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"Middle America" the region extending from modern-day Mexico through Central America

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Ibn Battuta

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Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

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Mansa Kankan Musa

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Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)

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Black Death

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An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)

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Abbasid Empire

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750-1258, Golden age of Islam, capital in Baghdad, focused on institutions and economic expansion, ethnic equality, problems were rifts with the Perisans/Shia.

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Hajj

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the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah

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Mongols

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A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

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Quran

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Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.

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Shi'ites

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Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

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Ka'bah

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sacred stone in the center of Mecca around which muslims are to walk during their pilgrimage

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Umma

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The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)

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Dhow

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Charactersitic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabian Sea.

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Delhi Sultanate

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Centralized Indian empire of varying extent created by Muslim invaders

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Grand Canal

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The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)

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Kamakura Shogunate

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The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333).

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Investiture Controversy

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Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.

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Medieval

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Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.

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Schism

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a formal split within a religious organization.

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Ayllu

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Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)

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Chinampas

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Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

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Khipus

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System of knotted colored cores used by preliterate Andean people to transmit information.

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Mit'a

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Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)

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Hieroglyphics

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a system of writing using symbols or pictures used in Egypt.

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pharaoh

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The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt.

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Christianity

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a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

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Cuneiform

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a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.

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Monothesim

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Belief in one god

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Polythesim

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The belief of many gods

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Buddhism

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A world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire

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Confusianism

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System of beliefs; taught that people need to have a sense of duty to faimly and community in order to bring peace to society.

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Hinduism

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Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes

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Legalism

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Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws

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Sati

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A ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced.

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Hellenistic Age

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Historians' term for the era, usually dated 323-30 B.C.E., in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the seventh century C.E.

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Minoans

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Prosperous civilization located on the Aegean Island of Crete in the 2nd millenium. Executed powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.

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Pax Romana

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Literally "the Roman peace," it refers to the period of peace and prosperity during which the empire enjoyed two hundred years of peace and Roman civilization flourished.

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Roman Republic

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The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)

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Romanization

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The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.

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Chavin

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First major urban civilization in South America. Capital is de Huantar, was located in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Has 2 distinct ecological zones, the Peruvian Costal Plain and the Andean Foothills.

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Ethiopia

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East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.

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Mali

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Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

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Swahili Coast

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East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'

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Caliphate

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Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.

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Five Pillars of Faith

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five steps to take to become less evil, part of the Islam religion; affirmation, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage

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ll-Khan

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A secondary or peripheral kahn based in Persia. Khanate was founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Ghengis Khan and was based at Tabariz in Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq.

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Ottoman Empire

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Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

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Shari'a

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The code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

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Sunnis

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Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

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Ulama

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Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

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Umayyad Caliphate

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First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Junk

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A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

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Footbinding

answer

Process of wrapping young girls feet to stop growth, led to crippiling women for life

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Jagadai Khanate

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1370-1405 Timur rose up and conquered central Asia, Persia, North India, Middle East also converted to Islam.

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Feudalism

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A political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

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Maor

answer

steward, warden

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Monasticism

answer

Belief in the existence of single divine entity

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Anasazi

answer

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas.

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Aztecs

answer

Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

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Inca

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Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

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Maya

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Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucat?n Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

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Teotihuacan

answer

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.

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Toltecs

answer

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

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Tribute System

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A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.

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