AP World History Final – Flashcards
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paleolithic age
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age of use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence
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homo sapiens sapiens
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the human species that emerfed as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period
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neolithic age
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age of use of adaptation of sedentary architecture; domestication of animals and plants
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neolithic revolution
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succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture
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hunting and gathering
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means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture
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bronze age
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age when bronze tools were first introduced to the middle east
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slash and burn agriculture
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a system of cultivation when forest floors cleared by fire are planted
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bands
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a group of nomadic hunters consisting of 20 to 30 people
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Çatal Hüyük
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early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture
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civilization
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societies distinguished by sedentary agriculture, production of food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites
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cuneiform
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a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets
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nomads
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cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies
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Mesopotamia
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the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys
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Sumerians
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people who migrated into Mesopotamia and organized the first civilization there and and created city-states
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ziggurats
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massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes
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city-states
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a form of Mesopotamian political organizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based kings
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Babylonians
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unified all of Mesopotamia; collapsed during foreign invasion
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Hammurabi
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the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law
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pharoah
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title of kings of ancient Egypt
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pyramids
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monumental architecture in Egypt used to bury pharoahs
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Kush
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an African states created on the upper Nile that conquered and ruled Egypt for centuries
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Indus River Valley
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location of Harappan civilization
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Harappa
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along with Mohenjo-daro major urban complex of the Harappan civilization
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Mohenjo-daro
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a major urban complex of Harappan civilization; along with Harappa
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Huanghe (Yellow) River
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site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China
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ideographic writing
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pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts
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Shang
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first Chinese dynasty
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Phoenicians
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seafaring civilization that established colonies throughout the Mediterranean
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mandate of heaven
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the divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers
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monotheism
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the exclusive worship of a single god
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Daoism
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philosophy that stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force
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Qin
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dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period after the Zhou dynasty
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Shi Huangdi
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founder of the brief Qin dynasty
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Zhou
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vassal family of Shang China that overthrew Shang and established second dynasty of China
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Confucius
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founded philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi
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Great Wall
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Chinese construction meant to keep out nomadic invaders; initiated during the Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi
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Han
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dynasty that ruled after the Qin for 400 years
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Silk Roads
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trading route established by pastoral nomads that connected Europe, India, and China and transmitted goods and ideas throughout the civilizations
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Alexander the Great
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Successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures
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monsoon
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seasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rains during summer
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Aryan
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Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society
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sanskrit
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the sacred and classical Indian language
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vedas
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aryan hymns written down in sacred books
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untouchables
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lowest caste in Indian society who performed undesirable tasks
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Indra
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chief deity of the Aryans
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Chandragupta Maurya
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founder of Maurya dynasty; first centralized government since Harappan civilaization
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Mauryan dynasty
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dynasty established in India established after Alexander's invasion
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Ashoka
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grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout the empire
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dharma
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the caste position and career determined by a person's birth
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Kushans
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dynasty after the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism
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Guptas
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dynasty after the Kushans; less centralized than the Mauryan empire
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Kautilya
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political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; believed in scientific application of warfare
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gurus
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Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of Guptas
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Vishnu
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the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice
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Shiva
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the Brahman, later Hindu, god destruction and reproduction
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reincarnation
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the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives
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Buddha
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creater of Buddhism; taught that enlightenment could only be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things
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nirvana
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the Buddhist state of enlightenment
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stupas
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stone shrines built to house possessions of the Buddha
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Cyrus the Great
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established massive Persian empire
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zoroastrianism
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animist religion that saw material existence as battle between good and evil; stressed moral choice; chief religion of Persian empire
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olympic games
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one of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all of Greece; involved athletic competitions and rituals
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Pericles
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Athenian political leader that guided the development of Athens during the Peloponnesian wars
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Peloponnesian Wars
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wars between Athens and Sparta over dominance of southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but did not achieve political unification of Greece
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Philip II of Macedon
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founder of centralized kingdom of Macedon; conquered Greece; father of Alexander
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Hellenistic Period
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culture associated with Greek influence due to Macedonian conquests; combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms
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Alexandria
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Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterraneans largest library
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Roman republic
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balanced constitution of Rome; featured a senate, magistrates, and other assemblies
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Punic Wars
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fought between Rome and Carthage over dominance in western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts
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Carthage
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a major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought in Punic Wars against Rome
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Hannibal
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Great Carthiginian general during Second Punic War; failed to conquer Rome
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Julius Caesar
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Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; came back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated by conservative senators
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Augustus Caesar
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first emperor of Rome; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra
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Diocletian
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Roman emperor who restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection
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Constantine
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Roman emperor who established 2nd capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unify empire
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polis
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city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization
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direct democracy
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rule of the people; all decisions came from popular assembly without intervention of elected officials
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senate
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assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic
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consuls
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two chief executives/magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy
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Cicero
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conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; a great orator
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Aristotle
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Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world
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Stoics
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Hellenistic group of philosopher; emphasized inner moral independence by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery
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Socrates
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Athenian philosopher; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions
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Plato
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Greek philosopher; considered ideal forms outside material world; proposed form of government based on abstract principles
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Sophocles
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Greek writer of tragedies; (Oedipus series)
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Doric
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least ornate of the three Hellenistic architectural styles
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Ionic
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moderate style of Hellenistic architecture
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Corinthian
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the most ornate style of Hellenistic architecture
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Axum
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kingdom in the Ethiopian highlands; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; first empire to convert to Christianity
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Ethiopia
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Christian kingdom; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion in Africa
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Sahara
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desert running across northern Africa that separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa
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Shintoism
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religion of early Japanese culture; worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world
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Yellow Turbans
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Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic
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Sui
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dynasty after the Han; united northern China and conquered southern China
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Tang
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dynasty after and more stable than the Sui
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Rajput
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regional princes in India following collapse of empire; emphasized military control of their regions
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Devi
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mother goddess in Hinduism; encouraged emotionalism in religious ritual
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islam
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major world religion from the Arabian peninsula
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Allah
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supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam
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Byzantine empire
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eastern half of Roman empire after the collapse of the old western empire; capital at Constantinople
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Justinian
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eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore unity of old Roman empire; responsible for the Hagia Sofia
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Augustine
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influential church father and theologian born in Africa
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Copts
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Christian sects of Egypt
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Jesus
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prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah
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Paul
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one of the first Christian missionaries; ignored insistence that the new religion should follow Jewish law
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pope
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bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe
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Benedict
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founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman empire
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animism
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a religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and uses them to help explain nature
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Muslims
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followers of islam
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Muhammad
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the prophet of Islam
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Qu'ran
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the holy book of Islam
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bedouin
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nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula
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shaykhs
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tribal leaders of the bedouin
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Mecca
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the holy city of Islam
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Umayyad
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clan of quraysh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; later established a dynasty as the rulers of Islam
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Quraysh
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tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca
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Medina
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became refuge for Muhammad after flight from Mecca (hijra)
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Khadijah
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the first wife of Muhammad
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Ali
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the son-in-law/cousin of Muhammad; orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a
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umma
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community of the faithful within Islam
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zakat
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tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims
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five pillars
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obligatory religious duties for all Muslims
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Ramadan
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Islamic holy month; fasting is observed
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hajj
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the pilgrimage to Mecca obligatory for all Muslims
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caliph
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successors to Muhammad
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abu bakr
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one of Muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of Islamic community
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Ridda Wars
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wars after Muhammad's death; defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam
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jihad
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Islamic holy war
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Nestorians
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Christian sects found in southeast Asia
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uthman
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third caliph and member of Umayyad clan
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Battle of Siffin
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fought between Ali and the Umayyads
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mu'awiya
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leader of Umayyad clan
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sunnis
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followers of the Umayyads
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shi'a
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followers of Ali
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karbala
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site of defeat and death of Ali's son Hulayu
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Damascus
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Syrian city that was the Umayyad capital
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mawali
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non-Arab converts to Islam
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jizya
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head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories
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dhimmi
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Jews and Christians in Islamic territories
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hadiths
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traditions of the prophet Muhammad
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Abbasids
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dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads
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Battle on the River Zab
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Abbasid victory against the Umayyads when the Abbasids captured Syria
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Baghdad
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capital of the Abbasid empire
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wazir
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chief administrative official under Abbasid caliphate
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dhows
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Arab sailing vessels that strongly influenced European ship design
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ayan
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the wealthy elite during Abbasid rule
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al-mahdi
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third of the Abbasid caliphs; tried but failed to attract moderate Shi'a
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harun al-rashid
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Abbasif caliph renowned for costly living; death led to civil wars over succession
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buyids
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regional splinter dynasty that captured and invaded Baghdad and ruled the Abbasid empire under the name Sultan
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seljuk turks
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nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis
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crusades
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series of military adventures launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims
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Saladin
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Muslim leader towards the end of the 12th century
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Ottoman empire
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turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East
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shah-nama
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written by Firdawsi; relates history of Persian to Islamic conquests
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ulama
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orthodox religious scholars within Islam
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al-Ghazali
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Islamic theologian who tried to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions
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mongols
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central Asian nomadic peoples; killed last Abbasid caliph
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chinggis khan
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mongol khagan responsible for conquests of northern China and territories as far west as the Abbasid empire
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Hulegu
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grandson of Chinggis Khan; ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Baghdad
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Mamluks
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Muslim slave warriors who defeated the mongols and halted their advance
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Muhammad Ibn Qasim
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arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared Sind and Indus valley part of the Umayyad empire
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Mahmud of Ghazni
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third ruler of turkish slave dynasty; gave muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression
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Muhammad of Ghur
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military commander of Persian extraction; began attempt to establish Muslim control in India
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Qutb-Ud-Din Aibak
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lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at New Delhi and declared himself Sultan of India
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bhaktic cults
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Hindu groups dedicated to gods(esses); stressed importance of strong bonds between devotees and the god/ess who was the subject of their veneration
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Mira Bai
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Hindu religious poet; showed women the openness of bhaktic cults
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Kabir
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Muslim mystic; played down importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam
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Shrivijaya
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trading empire between Malaya and Sumatra; Buddhist government; its demise opened southeast Asia to Islam
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Malacca
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portuguese factory that was a center for trade amongst southeastern Asian islands
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Demak
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most powerful trading state on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other parts of Asia
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Ifriqiya
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Arabic term for eastern north africa
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Maghrib
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Arabic term for western North Africa
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Almoravids
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puritanical reformist movement among Islamic Berber tribes of north Africa
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Almohadis
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Islamic Berber movement that penetrated sub-Saharan Africa
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Sahel
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extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara
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Sudanic states
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kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; included Mali and Songhai
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juula
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Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire
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Sundiata
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member of the Keita clan; created the Mali empire
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Ibn Batuta
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Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records
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Timbuktu
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port city of Mali; contained a library and a university
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Songhai
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successor state to Mali; capital at Gao
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Muhammad the Great
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extended the boundaries of the Songhai empire
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Hausa
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people of northern Nigeria who foremed states after the demise of Songhai; combined Islamic and pagan traditions
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sharia
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Islamic law
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Nok
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culture featuring highly developed art style in forests of central Nigeria
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Yoruba
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city-state in northern Nigeria featured artistic style, agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling families and aristocracy
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Benin
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powerful city-state in present day Nigeria and remained relatively free European influence
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Kongo
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agricultural kingdom on lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo and ruled by hereditary monarchy
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Great Zimbabwe
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Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
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Hagia Sofia
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new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian
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Belisarius
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one of Justinian's most important military commanders during reconquest of western Europe
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Greek fire
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Byzantine weapon used to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople
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Bulgaria
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Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire
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iconoclasm
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religions controversy within the Byzantine Empire (emperor tried to suppress veneration of icons)
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Cyril
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missionary from Byzantine Empire who converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for Cyrillic
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Methodius
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along with Cyril converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity
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Kiev
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trade city and capital in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders
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Rurik
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Scandinavian regarded as founder of first kingdom of Russia in Kiev
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Vladimir I
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ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev who converted it to Christianity
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Russian orthodoxy
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Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire
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Yaroslav
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last of Kievan monarchs who issued legal codification based on codes from Byzantine empire
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boyars
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Russian aristocrats
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tatars
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mongols who captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kieven state
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middle ages
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period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman empire until the 15th century
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vikings
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seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe
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manorialism
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system that described economic/political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages
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serfs
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peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages
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moldboard
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heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the middle ages
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three-field system
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system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe
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Clovis
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early Frankish king who converted Franks to Christianity
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Carolingians
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royal house of Franks
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Charles Martel
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Carolingian monarch of Franks who defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours and ended Muslim threat to western Europe
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Charlemagne
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Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France in Germany
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holy Roman emperors
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emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire
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feudalism
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social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiances and promises of loyal service
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vassals
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members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
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William the Conqueror
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invaded England from Normandy; extended feudalism to England; established centralized monarchy
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Magna Carta
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great charter issued by King John that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims
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parliaments
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bodies representing privileged groups
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key three estates
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church, nobles, and urban leaders
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hundred years' war
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conflict between England and France over lands England possessed in France
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Pope Urban II
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called the first crusade
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Pope Gregory VII
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pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords
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investiture
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practice of state appointment of bishops
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Peter Abelard
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university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology
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Bernard of Claireveaux
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emphasized role of faith in preference to logic
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Thomas Aquinas
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creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning
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scholasticism
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use of logic to solve theological problems
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gothic
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architectural style during western Europe that featured pointed arches and flying buttresses
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Hanseatic League
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an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to create a commercial alliance
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guilds
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sworn associations of people of the same business or trade in a single city
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Black Death
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plague that struck Europe during Dark Ages that significantly reduced its population and affected social structure
