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Population Revolution

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huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization

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Protoindustrialization

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Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full or part time producers who worked at home in a capatilist system in which materials,work,orders,and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution

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American Revolution

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Rebellion of the British-American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States

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French Revolution

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Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe

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Louis XVI

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Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

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Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements

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Guillotine

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Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815

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Congress of Vienna

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Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power

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Liberalism

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Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited government, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional role and parliments.

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Radicals

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Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring lower classes

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Socialism

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Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capatilistic exploitation of the working class

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Nationalism

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European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "-isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic orgins

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Greek Revolution

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Rebellion of Greeks againts the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintergration of the Turkish Balkan Empire

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French Revolution of 1830

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Second revolution against Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy

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Belgian Revolution of 1830

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Produced Belgian independence fromt eh Dutch; established constitutional monarchy

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Reform Bill of 1832

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British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class

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James Watt

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Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution

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Factory System

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Intensification of all the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline

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Luddites

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Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd

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Chartist movement

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Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s

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French Revolution of 1848

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Overthrew the French monarchy esablished in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic

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Revolutions of 1848

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the nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary; after temporary success they were surpressed

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Louis Pasteur

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Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him

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Benjamin Disraeli

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British politician ; granted the vote to working class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stablitity through reform

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Count Camillo di Cavour

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Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont

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Otto von Bismarck

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Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability

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American Civil War (1861-1865)

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Fought to prevent secession of the southern states;the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States

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Transformismo

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Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo

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Social Question

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Issues relating to workers and women in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870

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Karl Marx

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German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production ; preached the inevibility of social revolution and the creation of proletarian dictatorship

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Revisionism

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Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions

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Feminist Movement

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Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle class women

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Mass Leisure Culture

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An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation time and team sports

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Charles Darwin

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Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival

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Albert Einstein

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Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planeary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued theory of relativity

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Sigmund Freud

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Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses

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Romanticism

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19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflections

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Triple Alliance

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Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th-century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I

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Triple Entente

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Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I

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Balkan Nationalsim

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Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crisises within the European alliance system that ended with outbreak of World War I

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Industrial Revolution

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Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 174 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and developement of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production

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Age of Revolution

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Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

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Conservative

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Political viewpoint with orgins in western Europe during the 19th-century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church

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Imperialism

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The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest

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