AP World History Chapter 19 Study Guide – Flashcards
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encomienda
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grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors & settlers in Mesoamerica & South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
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audiencia
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royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates
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Bartolome de las Casas
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Dominican friar; a conquistador turned priest; initiated the struggle for justice of American Indians
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Hernan Cortes
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led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan
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Francisco Pizarro
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led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535. by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish
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Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
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leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now US in search of mythical cities of gold
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ecomendero
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the holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor; responsible for their integration into the church
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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signed in 1494 between Castile & Portugal; clarified spheres of influence & rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil & all newly-discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain
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Huancavelica
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location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi
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consulado
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merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America & handled much of the silver received in return
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letrados
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university-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative & administrative functions
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Paulistas
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backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century
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War of the Spanish Succession
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resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by treat of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English & French
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Socledad de Castas
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American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle
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Jose de Galvez
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Spanish minister of the west Indies & chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government
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Caribbean
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1st area of Spanish exploration & settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here
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Casa de Contratacion
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Spanish board of trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with New World; supplied colonial provisions
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Rio de Janeiro
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Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763
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Mexico City
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capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
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Pedro de Valdivia
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Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile & established city of Santiago in 1541
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Potosi
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mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver
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haciendas
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rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth & power for local aristocracy
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Creoles
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whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares
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galleons
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large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bulleon
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Recopilacion
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body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies
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Minas Gerais
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region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush
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peninsulares
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people living in New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain
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Marquis of Pombal
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prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy
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Tupac Amaru
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Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru;supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution
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Hispaniola
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1st island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on 2nd voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World
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captaincies
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strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony
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Comunero Revolt
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one of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Columbia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels
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New Spain
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Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs
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mita
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labor extracted for lands assigned to the state & the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control
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1498
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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1500
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Cabral lands in Brazil
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1533
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Pizarro conquers Cuzco
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1695
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gold discovered in Brazil
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1713
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Bourbons recognized as rulers in Spain
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1781
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Comunero, Tupac Amaru Revolts
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Describe the characteristics of Iberian society
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Heavily urban, peasants living in small towns & villages; emphasis on nobles, European commoners became the new nobilitiy; patriarchal family & slave holding traditions
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How was the commercial experience of the Portuguese extended to the Americas
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The Portuguese experience in Africa & their involvement in slave trading was extended to the Americas
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Where in the Americas did the Spanish create the models that were applied throughout their possessions in the New World
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Caribbean
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What is Hispaniola
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an island in which Columbus established a 2nd colony on his return trip to the New World in 1493
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How did the Caribbean cities differ from those of Europe
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Caribbean cities suffered from hurricanes; were laid out according to a grid plan, with town hall, major church, governor's palace in central plaza; & there was resistance from natives
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What are encomiendas
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grants of Indians to individual Spaniards
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Who are the Taino
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Indians supplying agricultural labor for the Spanish & Caribbean
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Describe Bartolome de las Casas & Hernan Cortes
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Bartolome de las Casas: Dominican friar; a conquistador turned priest; initiated the struggle for justice of American Indians Hernan Cortes: led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan
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Describe the characteristics of the conquistadors
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Hoping to improve selves; serve God by conquering heathen; soldiers, gentlemen, some women; saw selves as new nobility
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What advantage did the Spanish have over the Indians
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They possessed horses, firearms, & steel weaponry
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What caused the Indian population to decline so much
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epidemic disease
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What happened with European livestock in the Americas
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it rapidly increased
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What Indian institution did the Spanish retain
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the traditional Indian nobility, supported by Spanish authority, as middle men between the tax & labor demands of the new rulers
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Why were the encomiendas discontinued by the 1620s
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Spanish crown didn't want a new nobility to rise in the New World & decline of Native American population made it less attractive
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What is the mita
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name of the forced labor system that the Spanish government replaced the encomienda with
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What was the nature of the economy of the Spanish Americas
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Economy depended on agriculture & mining
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What is Potosi
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greatest silver mine in Spanish America; located in upper Peru
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Why was mercury so important
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added in silver production; used to extract silver
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What caused silver production to grow after 1850
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due to the use of almagation
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Describe agricultural system of the Spanish Americas
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agriculture dominated Spain's economy
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Describe the Spanish commercial system
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the merchant guild in Seville had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America & handled much of the silver received in return until the 18th century
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What are galleons
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large heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion
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How did American galleon negatively affect the Spanish economy
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the arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices & a general inflation
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The Treaty of Tordesillas
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treaty that divided the world into a Castile sphere of influence & a Portuguese sphere of influence
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What group of people were most critical to the bureaucratic administration of the Spanish colony
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letrados; university-trained lawyers from Spain
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Recopilacion? Audiencias
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Recopilacion: law code that became the basis of law in the Indies around 1681 Audiencias: name of superior courts that controlled the 10 judicial divisions of each New Spanish & Portuguese viceroyalty
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What did the Catholic Church introduce in the colonies
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churches & monasteries. religious books: history, poetry, philosophy, law, & language; universities, broke churches, missions in outlying areas
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What colony was the 1st major plantation zone
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Brazil
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Pedro Alvares Cabral
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led the 1st landfall in the colony of Brazil that took place in 1500
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What was the slave population in Brazil in 1700
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took up 50% of Brazil's population
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Where was the Brazilian plantation model emulated
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Caribbean colonies
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What was the primary difference between the Spanish & Portuguese empires
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Spanish: remained mainly American, except for Philippines Portuguese: included colonies & outposts all around the world (Asia, Africa, & Brazil)
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What conditions undercut the position of the discovery of gold in Brazil
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competition with Dutch, England, & French
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Orinoco? Rio de Janeiro?
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Orinoco: river in South America Rio de Janeiro: port associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil & subsequently became capital of the colony
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What was the negative impact of the discovery of gold in Brazil
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didn't establish an internal industry, became economically dependent on England
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What was the basis of the social hierarchy that developed in the Americas
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racial origins
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Bourbon Reforms
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reforms led by the Spanish Bourbons that recast the colonial administration of the Americas in the 18th century
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Jose de Galvez? Marquis of Pombal
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Jose de Galvez: Spanish minister of the west Indies & chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government Marquis of Pombal: prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy
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Impact of 18th century reforms by mid 18th century
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Brazil remained as profoundly based on slavery in the late 18th century as it had ever been
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State of Portugal & Spanish colonies by mid 18th century
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rapid growth in population & produce capacity
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Tupac Amaru(not Tupac Shakur)
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leader of the Indian Revolution in Peru in 1781
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Why did the Portugal & Spanish revolutions fail?
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sharp social & ethnic divisions within the colonies acted as a barrier to cooperation for common goals & tended to undercut revolutionary movements
