AP World History Chapter 12 Vocabulary – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
King Clovis
answer
Became the first monarch to unite all of the Frankish tribes and was also the first Roman Catholic ruler of the Franks (ruled 481-511)
question
Charles Martel
answer
A military leader of the Franks who led Christian forces of northern France, Belgium, and western Germany to defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Tours; founded the Carolingian Dynasty
question
Charlemangne
answer
Martel's grandson who ruled the Frankish kingdom from 768-814; named Emperor of the Romans by the pope in 800; defeated the Saxons and converted them to Christianity; encouraged church-based education and used regional administrators to help govern his empire
question
Empress Wu
answer
(Ruled 665-705) Tried to make Buddhism a state religion, but persecution of Buddhists followed her reigh, and Confucianism triumphed until the 20th century
question
Otto I
answer
German king who was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor in 962
question
William the Conqueror
answer
A monarch of Normady who invaded England and ruled kingdoms on both sides of the English Channel
question
Franks
answer
Smaller, less-centralized Germanic states developed in the Early Middle Ages
question
Carolingian Dynasty
answer
The Frankish kingdom founded by Charles Martel
question
Vikings
answer
A second group of invaders who came from the north; traveled on longships
question
Norsemen
answer
Scandinavian Vikings
question
Iceland
answer
Country south of Greenland; the Vikings reached here
question
Greenland
answer
Country north of Iceland; the Vikings reached here from Iceland
question
Vinland
answer
A coastal area of North Americal that the Vikings named _____
question
Magyars
answer
Originally from Central Asia, they encroached on the BYzantine Empire soon after the fall of Rome and wen on the settle in present-day Germany, Italy, and France
question
Normans
answer
Descendents of Vikings who settled in the northwest corner of France
question
Venice
answer
A wealthy city-state in northern Italy, had a contract to transport Crusaders to the Middle East
question
Battle of Tours
answer
(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.
question
Estates-General
answer
A body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes in France--the clergy, nobility, and commoners
question
Estates
answer
Legal classes
question
Lay Investiture Controversy
answer
Dispute over whether a secular leader, rather than the pope, could invest bishops with symbols of office in the 11th and 12th centuries
question
Magna Carta
answer
Signed by King John in 1215; required the king to observe certain rights, such as the right to a jury trial before an noble could be sentenced to prison
question
English Parliament
answer
Formed in 1265; increased the rights of the English nobility, but not the general population
question
House of Lords
answer
Represented the nobles and Church hierarchy
question
House of Commons
answer
Made up of elected representatives of wealthy townspeople
question
Hundred Years' War
answer
(1337-1453) Tables were turned between the rival monarchies; England invaded France; spread the use of gunpower
question
Reconquista
answer
"Reconquest;" Christian forces began taking control of Spain from Muslim rulers
question
Holy Land
answer
The region of present-day Israel; includes the city of Jerusalem, which is a holy city to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
question
Crusades
answer
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
question
Knights Templar
answer
Combined the functions of knights and monks
question
Teutonic Knights
answer
Fought pagan Slavs near the Baltic Sea and introduced Christain missions and churches there
question
Lords
answer
A person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king
question
Vassals
answer
Oweing service to abother person
question
Knights
answer
Hired by Lords to fight for them by offereing them a piece of land; vassals of the lords and owe the lords service
question
Feudalism
answer
A political system of obligations; widespread in Europe from 800s-1200s
question
Serfs
answer
Peasants (not slaves) who were tied to the land and who couldn't marry or travel without permission from their lords
question
Bishops
answer
Who owed allegiance to the pope; supervised local priests
question
Pope
answer
Head of the Roman Catholic Church
question
Priests
answer
Supervised by bishops
question
Primogeniture
answer
Rules where the eldest brother in a family inherited the entire estate
question
Bourgeoisie
answer
Growth in commerce caused the development of a small _____, a middle class
question
Burghers
answer
Growth in commerce caused the development of a small bourgeoisie, a middle class
question
Lay People
answer
Those who were not members of the clergy
question
Dialects
answer
A regional variety of a language
question
Vernacular Languages
answer
The common language of a particular region
question
University of Paris
answer
Students in the 12th century could study liberal arts or theology here
question
Colleges
answer
In response to disputes between students and townspeople, universities set up _____, boardinghouses for scholars, which were sometimes divided according to students' nationality or discipline
question
Salerno Medical School
answer
Teaching here was based on knowledge handed down from the time of Hippoctates, Greek physician Galen and on medical information available from ongoing learning in the Arab world
question
Avicenna
answer
The best-known scholar of the time and is sometimes called "the father of modern medicine; wrote "Canon of Medicine"
question
Renaissance
answer
A revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, civic virtue, and culture
question
Humanism
answer
The focus on individuals rather than God
question
Dante Alighieri
answer
A writer who used a religious framework for "The Divine Comedy"
question
The Divine Comedy
answer
Written by Dante Alighieri; features hell, purgatory, and heaven
question
Geoffrey Chaucer
answer
Author of "The Canterbury Tales"
question
The Canterbury Tales
answer
Written by Geoffrey Chaucer, portrayed a microcosm of middle-class occupations in England, including several Church positions
question
Desiderius Erasmus
answer
Author of "In Praise of Folly," was the most infuential northern humanist of the late 15th century
question
In Praise of Folly
answer
Written by Desiderius Erasmus
question
Nicolaus Copernicus
answer
A Polish scientist who showed increasing interest in understanding the physical world, and interest that would sometimes lead to conflict with the Catholic Church
question
Scholasticism
answer
A system of study
question
Gargoyles
answer
Exaggerated carvings of humans or animals designed to serve as warter spouts
question
Flying Buttresses
answer
Buttresses or supports were extended outward from the wall to a stone foundation, rather than running alongside the wall
question
Donation of Constantine
answer
A Roman document from the 8th century provided the Church with evidence that the pope should assume political as well as spiritual authority
question
Babylonian Captivity
answer
A reference to the Jewish exile in the 6th century BCE
question
Cluniac Reforms
answer
Originated from the monastery at Cluny, France, in the 11th century, attempted to reform the Church from within. Corruption & theological disagreements drove reformers to part ways with the Catholic Church.
question
Religious Orders
answer
Various groups of monks and nuns, usually living in vowed communities of the Catholic Church; advanced Europe's progress by keeping learning alive and by promoting practical advice, such as better agricultural methods
question
Code of Chivalry
answer
A way to resolve disputes and to shop etiquette
question
Tournaments
answer
Medieval contests that tested strength, skill and endurane
question
Jousts
answer
Fights with lances between two knights on horseback
question
Romanesque
answer
A cathedral in the new Gothic stule, which replaced a style common since the mid-eleventh century
question
Manors
answer
Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land
question
Manorial System
answer
Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense; small villages that included a church, a blacksmith shop, a mill, presses, and homes
question
Guilds
answer
Association of craftspeople or merchants, originated in the towns
question
Cartography
answer
Mapmaking
question
Marco Polo
answer
A 17 year-old Venetian who visited China. When he returned to Italy, he wrote a book about his trip. People didn't believe his descriptions of China until they actually visited. Then, they realized that he was right about China's prosperity and innovations
question
Longships
answer
Boats that enabled sailors to travel far inland on rivers; had single large sails with as many as 50 fierce men aboard using oars to paddle
question
Fiefs
answer
Kings paid nobles with land called _____
question
Three-Field System
answer
A system where crops were rotated in and out of three fields
question
Horse Collar
answer
Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.
question
Black Death
answer
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; spread via trading routes
question
Little Ice Age
answer
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.
