AP World History Ch. 26 Terms – Flashcards
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Selim III
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Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807
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Mahmud II
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Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents
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Tanzimat reforms
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Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
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Abdul Hamid
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Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908
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Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
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Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called Young Turks; desired to restore in 1876 the constitution
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Murad
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(1790- 1820) Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egyptand revealed vulnerability of Muslim core
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Muhammad Ali
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Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)
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Khedives
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Descendents of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952
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Suez Canal
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Built accross Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investments
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Al- Afghani
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Muslim thinker at the end of the19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
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Muhammad Abduh
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Disciple of Al Afghani; Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
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Ahmad Orabi
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Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced Khedive to call on British army for support
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Khartoum
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River town that was administrative center of Egyptian aythority in Sudan
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Muhammad Achmad
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Also know as mahdi; head of a sudanic sufi brotherhood; claimed descendent from prophet muhammad; proclaimed both egyptians and british as infidels; launched revolt to purge islam of impurities; took khartoum in 1883
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Mahdi
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In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan
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Khalifa Abdallahi
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Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598
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Nurhaci
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Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing
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Banner Armies
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Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in the early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emporer and established Qing dynasty
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Qing
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Machu dynasty that seized control of China in mid- 17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Veitnam and Burma to the south
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Kangxi
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Confucian scholar and Manch emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus
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Compradors
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Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world
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Opium Wars
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Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in Opium; resulted in responding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade
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Taiping Rebellion
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broke out in south china in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-christianized prophet; sought to overthrow qing dynasty and confucian basis of scholare entry
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Hong Xiuquan
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Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachers of Chinese elite
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Self- strengthening Movement
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Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders
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Boxer Rebellion
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Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials
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Sun Yat- sen
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Head of Revolutionary Alliance organzation that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasy in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomingdang) in 1919; died in 1925
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Puyi
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Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while stilla small boy in 1912
