AP World History Ch. 18/19 Terms – Flashcards
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Ivan III
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"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia
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Third Rome
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this was in response to the fall of the Byzantine Empire and Ivan Great's desire to make Moscow the new center of the Orthodox Church
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Ivan IV
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grandson of Ivan III; brought feudalism into Russia; trusted on one--killed son; organized "oprichniki"
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Boyars
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Russian nobles
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Cossacks
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free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tzar and service nobility
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Time of Troubles
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after Ivan IV dies the aristocracy tries to take over during this period of anarchy
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Romanov Dynasty
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Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles: Ruled Russia until 1917
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Alexis Romanov
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(Russia) Successor to Michael, 2nd Monarch, abolished assemblies of monarchs, strengthened ties to Orthodox Church
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Old Believers
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Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.
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Peter I
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czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
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St. Petersburg
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Capital city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweeden
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Catherine the Great
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Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)
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Pugachev Rebellion
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Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed
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Westernization
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adoption of western European ideas, technology, and culture in Russia
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Serfdom
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feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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(1479-1516) won the first Italian War against Charles VII of France, married Isabella of Castile, led the Reconquista and began the Inquisition with his wife
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Isabella of Castille
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Devout catholic, first renaissance queen, spanish inquisitions, funded chris columbus
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Hispaniola
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a Caribbean island settled by Spaniards in 1493; a present day island that is divided into the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
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Bartolome de las Casas
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First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476
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Hernan Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
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Moctezuma II
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Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)
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Francisco Pizarro
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Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
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Fransisco Coronado
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Spanish explorer, explored most of the Southwest U.S.
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Colombian Exchange
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the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa
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Haciendas
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Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.
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Galleons
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Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
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Encomiendas
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rights to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans
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Viceroyalties
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Provinces ruled by viceroys, direct representatives of the monarch.
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Pedro Cabral
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Claimed Brazil for Portugal n 1500. He had intended to follow Da Gama but was blown off course.
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Peninsulares
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Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class
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Creoles
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descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status
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Sociedad de castas
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American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle.
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War of Spanish Succession
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This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V
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Encomendero
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the holder of an encomienda who was able to use the people as workers or to tax them
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Enlightened despotism
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philosophes inspired and supported reforms of Enlightened despots-believed absolute rulers should promote good of people-religious toleration, streamlined legal codes, increased access to education, reduction or elimination of torture and death penalty
